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Back in 1979, a fat, unhealthy property developer, Mel Zuckerman, and his exercise-fanatic wife, Enid, opened Canyon Ranch, “America's first total vacation/fitness resort”, on an old dude ranch in Tucson, Arizona. At the time, their outdoorsy, new age-ish venture seemed highly eccentric. Today Canyon Ranch is arguably the premium health-spa brand of choice for the super-rich. It is growing fast and now operates in several places, including the Queen Mary 2. (1)________________.
“There is a new market category called wellness lifestyle, and in a whole range of industries, if you are not addressing that category you are going to find it increasingly hard to stay in business,” enthuses Kevin Kelly, Canyon Ranch's president. This broad new category, Mr. Kelly goes on, “consolidates a lot of subcategories” including spas, traditional medicine and alternative medicine, behavioural therapy, spirituality, fitness, nutrition and beauty. (2)________________ “You can no longer satisfy the consumer with just fitness, just medical, just spa,” says Mr. Kelly.
Canyon Ranch's strategy reflects this belief. (3) ________________ . This year in Miami Beach it will open the first of what it expects to be many upmarket housing estates built around a spa, called Canyon Ranch Living. Together with the Cleveland Clinic, one of the world's leading private providers of traditional medicine, it is launching an “executive health” product which combines diagnosis, treatment and, above all, prevention. It also has plans to produce food and skin-care products, a range of clothes and healthy-living educational materials.
(4)________________. Mr. Case reckons that one of the roots of today's health-care crisis, especially in America, is that prevention and care are not suitably joined up. A growing number of employers now promote wellness at work, both to cut costs and to reduce stress and health-related absenteeism, says Jon Denoris of Catalyst Health, a gym business in London. He has been helping the British arm of Harley Davidson, a motorbike-maker, to develop a wellness programme for its workers.
The desire to reduce health-care costs is one force behind the rise of the wellness industry; the other is the growing demand from consumers for things that make them feel healthier. Surveys find that three out of four adult Americans now feel that their lives are “out of balance”, says Mr. Kelly. So there is a huge opportunity to offer them products and services that make them feel more “balanced”. This represents a big change in consumer psychology, claims Mr. Kelly, and one that is likely to deepen over time: market research suggests that 35-year-olds have a much stronger desire to lead healthy lifestyles than 65-year-olds.
(5)________________. Another will be to maintain credibility in (and for) an industry that combines serious science with snake oil. One problem—or is it an opportunity? —in selling wellness products to consumers is that some of the things they demand may be faddish or nonsensical. Easy fixes, such as new-age therapies, may appeal to them more than harder but proven ways to improve health.
One of Canyon Ranch's answers to this problem has been to hire Richard Carmona, who was America's surgeon-general until last summer. In that role, he moved prevention and wellness nearer to the centre of public-health policy. The last time a surgeon-general ventured into business, it ended disastrously: during the internet bubble, Everett Koop launched DrKoop.com, a medical-information site that went bust shortly after going public and achieving a market capitalisation of over $1 billion. This time around, the wellness boom seems unlikely to suffer such a nasty turn for the worse.
(此文选自The Economist 2007年刊)
[A] It is expanding a brand built on $1,000-a-night retreats for the rich and famous in several different directions.
[B] Mr. Zuckerman, now a trim and sprightly 78-year-old, remains chairman of the firm.
[C] There is growing evidence that focusing holistically on wellness can reduce health-care costs by emphasizing prevention over treatment.
[D] One difficulty for wellness firms will be acquiring the expertise to operate in several different areas of the market.
[E] It is also one of the leading lights in “wellness”, an increasingly mainstream—and profitable—business.
[F] As more customers demand a holistic approach to feeling well, firms that have hitherto specialised in only one or two of those areas are now facing growing market pressure to broaden their business.
[G] And there is much debate about the health benefits of vitamin supplements, organic food and alternative medicines, let alone different forms of spirituality.
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It's hard to get more white-fenced than Naperville. In the western Chicago suburb, crime is an annoyance, not a problem. The streets are clean and the schools are some of the most impressive in the state, producing some of the brightest students who attend the nation's best colleges. (1)____________.
The rankings will be phased out over the next year, with 2007's upperclassmen deciding whether to include such a rank in their official transcripts. By no longer ranking students, the Naperville School District 203 is squarely in line with a trend that is fast sweeping the nation, as more and more private and public schools are dropping the practice. The goal, proponents say, is to cut down on the hyper-competition and lessen the stress at such a critical learning point and maturation curve in kids' lives.
“It's a high bar we set, and it should be,” said Naperville Superintendent Alan Leis. “But there needs to be more than wrestling over who's better than who.” (2)______________.
Some 80% or more public schools still report rankings to inquiring universities and colleges, but a growing number of high schools in the Chicago area and around the country—in mostly affluent districts from California to Miami to New Jersey—have already adopted the practice. (3)_______________. Even in Naperville, a valedictorian is still expected to address the class, but that honor is not chosen until the last weeks of a school year and is not forwarded on to schools in official transcripts.
(4)_______________. According to Dr. Scott Hunter, a clinical psychologist and school consultant at the University of Chicago Hospitals who specializes in pediatric neuropsychology. “The reality is that we have made in the last 10 years more of rank than it deserves because some kids don't really shine until they enter into adulthood, and they risk being ignored by the very places and people where they could greatly succeed,” adds Hunter, “ This is an artificial number in terms of where a person really falls.”
(5)___________________.
“It makes it a little more opaque for us on the admissions side, but we fully understand it,” said Jim Miller, director of admissions at Brown University. “It's conceivable a student could get a B in gym and get knocked down 40 places in rank. So we're getting more used to it, and probably half our applicants now come from schools that don't have rank. “
[A] Class rankings, a tradition at many schools, have long helped universities and colleges—especially the Harvards and Princetons of the world—weed out the weak students from the strong, the ones with not only promise but the ambition to excel and meet the difficulties of higher education.
[B] But it's vicious at the top—so much so that Naperville's school officials recently voted to stop using a class ranking system.
[C] A much higher number of private schools do not share their rankings, including some independent schools in Chicago that, for example, have societies that recognize the top 10% of a class but choose to allow the students themselves dictate who speaks at graduation.
[D] Competitions among students for the title of honored graduates are very tight and are on the rise in a great number of private schools.
[E] Schools just have to make certain, through student profiles and other means, the strength of a schedule and student performance relative to other students.
[F] Not surprisingly, there is still lots of disagreement about the new policy; some parents are worried that it hurts high-achieving students' chances of getting over the bar, while forcing colleges and universities to rely on perhaps less reliable or easier measures or on standardized tests like the ACT or SAT.
[G] Students and their parents increasingly fight over who gets to be number one, and the damage that can be done—both academically and psychologically—to those who lose out far wins the benefits of the glory attached to such titles.
(此文选自Time 2006年刊)
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Your doctor is recommending a surgical procedure you're unsure about. Or maybe you've just received a diagnosis you don't understand. Or perhaps your doctor isn't giving you any diagnosis at all and you still don't feel right. In all these situations, you should seek a second opinion from another physician. That's a message most Americans don't seem to get. According to a 2005 Gallup poll, about half of 5,000 Americans surveyed said they never seek a second opinion when their doctor “diagnoses a condition, or prescribes a treatment, drug, or operation” while just 3 percent say they always seek one.
What's the problem? In most cases, it's ignorance of how the healthcare system works. Patients just don't understand that doctors think seeking a second opinion is routine. Many insurers recommend it and some even require it for certain procedures. (1)_________________.
Doctors say that both men and women should seek a second opinion in virtually all types of non-emergency surgery, when your doctor recommends long-term medication that has potential side effects and if you are not feeling better despite repeated visits to your doctor. In the first two cases, studies indicate that the second physician is most likely to confirm the initial recommendation, but may also suggest alternatives for you to consider.
(2)_________________. That's especially true if you a get a recommendation for a hysterectomy, an operation in which the uterus is removed. It's the second most common surgery among American women. And yet, many doctors think there are other ways to deal with some of the problems—such as uterine fibroids, pain or heavy bleeding—that lead to hysterectomies. Those other options might include medication or less drastic procedures.
Women should also seek a second opinion for unresolved cardiac problems. Until recently, for example, doctors didn't understand that the signs of a heart attack in women can be very different from those in men. (3)_________________.
Deciding you need another opinion is the first step. How do you find the right doctor? (4)_________________.
Other resources include local medical societies, and academic medical centers, which often are the best place to find state-of-the-art treatment options. You want to find someone who is an expert on your particular problem.
(5)_________________. Dr. Jonathan Schaffer, managing director of e-Cleveland Clinic, says online second opinions are appropriate when the condition has “objective criteria”—in other words, an imaging study, stress test or pathology results. But it's not appropriate for conditions that require more subjective interpretation, he says, such as earlier stages of breast cancer, when mammogram readings can vary and in-person consultation could be more useful.
Most of the time, the second opinion confirms the first, Cummings says, but when there is a conflict, you may have to go to a third doctor. You can also ask both of the first two doctors to explain their decisions in more detail. When the time comes to make a decision, the Ottawa Personal Decision Guide offers a step-by-step worksheet.
[A] But women in particular often say they feel awkward about consulting another doctor because they worry that their primary physician will be less than cordial in future visits. In fact, that's rarely the case.
[B] Another possibility is an online consultation, offered by the Cleveland Clinic, among other places.
[C] In addition to these general recommendations, women should get a second opinion for certain issues specific to gender.
[D] Many physicians suggest starting with your primary-care doctor.
[E] Consulting another doctor will be a fashion in developed countries, especially in the United States.
[F] Tests given to detect heart disease in men may not always be sensitive to women's heart problems so if you get an all-clear but continue to experience symptoms such as shortness of breath or periods of rapid heartbeat, you should seek another opinion—preferably from a specialist in women's heart disease.
[G] You must first get the permission of Ministry of Health, and under the supervision of Government's health care system if you need a second opinion.
(此文选自Newsweek2008年刊)
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[A] The work builds on a study published last year by Shinya Yamanaka of Kyoto University in Japan, which showed that mouse tail cells could be transformed into ES-like cells by inserting four genes (Science Now, 3 July 2006).Those genes are normally switched off after embryonic cells differentiate into the various cell types. In June this year, Yamanaka and another group reported that the cells were truly pluripotent, meaning that they had the potential to grow into any tissue in the body (Science Now, 6 June).
[B] In the new work, Yamanaka and his colleagues used a retrovirus to ferry into adult cells the same four genes they had previously used to reprogram mouse cells: OCT3/4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC. They reprogrammed cells taken from the facial skin of a 36-year-old woman and from connective tissue from a 69-year-old man. Roughly one iPS cell line was produced for every 5,000 cells the researchers treated using the technique, an efficiency that enabled them to produce several cell lines from each experiment.
[C] Now the race to repeat the feat in human cells has ended in a tie: Two groups report today that they have reprogrammed human skin cells into so-called induced pluripotent cells (iPSs). In a paper published online in Cell, Yamanaka and his colleagues show that their mouse technique works with human cells as well. And in a paper published online in Science, James Thomson of the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and his colleagues report success in reprogramming human cells, again by inserting just four genes, two of which are different from those Yamanaka uses.
[D] Once the kinks are worked out, “the whole field is going to completely change,” says stem cell researcher Jose Cibelli of Michigan State University in East Lansing. “People working on ethics will have to find something new to worry about.”
[E] Thomson's team started from scratch, identifying its own list of 14 candidate reprogramming genes. Like Yamanaka's group, the team used a systematic process of elimination to identify four factors: OCT3 and SOX2, as Yamanaka used, and two different genes, NANOG and LIN28. The group reprogrammed cells from fetal skin and from the foreskin of a newborn boy. The researchers were able to transform about one in 10,000 cells, less than Yamanaka's technique achieved, Thomson says, but still enough to create several cell lines from a single experiment.
[F] Scientists have managed to reprogram human skin cells directly into cells that look and act like embryonic stem (ES) cells. The technique makes it possible to generate patient-specific stem cells to study or treat disease without using embryos or oocytes—and therefore could bypass the ethical debates that have plagued the field. “This is like an earthquake for both the science and politics of stem cell research,” says Jesse Reynolds, policy analyst for the Center for Genetics and Society in Oakland, California.
[G] Although promising, both techniques share a downside. The retroviruses used to insert the genes could cause tumors in tissues grown from the cells. The crucial next step, everyone agrees, is to find a way to reprogram cells by switching on the genes rather than inserting new copies. The field is moving quickly toward that goal, says stem cell researcher Douglas Melton of Harvard University. “It is not hard to imagine a time when you could add small molecules that would tickle the same networks as these genes” and produce reprogrammed cells without genetic alterations, he says.
(此文选自Science2007年刊)
Order:
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[A] To start, states that gain approval to measure student growth will also be required to chart progress the old way, comparing this year's students with those of last year's. The Education Department wants to see that data to help determine whether charting growth is a fair, accurate measure. Patricia Sullivan, director of the independent Center on Education Policy, praised federal leaders for showing flexibility and clearly outlining what states must do to get it.
[B] Tinkering again with enforcement of the No Child Left Behind education law, the US government plans to let some states fundamentally change how they measure yearly student progress. In an experiment that's been months in the making, up to 10 states will be allowed to measure not just how students are performing, but how that performance is changing over time.
[C] Education Secretary Margaret Spellings was announcing the “growth model” policy on Friday to a gathering of state school chiefs in Richmond, Virginia, The Associated Press learned. “We're open to new ideas, but we're not taking our eyes off the ball,” Spellings said in remarks prepared for delivery to the state school officials. Frustrated states have been pleading for permission to measure growth by students, which may make it easier for schools to meet their goals and avoid penalties. Spellings has promised to be flexible in enforcing the law. Schools that receive federal poverty aid but don't make “adequate yearly progress” for at least two years face mounting penalties, from allowing students to transfer and providing tutoring to poor children to eventual restructuring of the school and its staff. Spellings said it makes sense to give schools credit for progress that students make.
[D] A growth model could benefit not just struggling students but also gifted ones who may be challenged anew to show their own yearly progress, beyond the school's standard benchmark. “This is clearly what States have been asking for,” Sullivan said. “It makes a lot of sense to measure growth. It's so discouraging for teachers when students make tremendous gains but don't get the credit because they don't get all the way over the bar.”
[E] The states that win approval for the new flexibility, however, must do more than show growth. They still will have to get all children up to par in reading and maths by 2014, as the law requires, and show consistent gains along the way. The Education Department, eager to show it is not weakening the law, will require states to take many steps before they can qualify for the “growth” option. States must have data systems to track individual students, close achievement gaps between whites and minorities, and prove they have at least one year of baseline testing. The law requires yearly testing in grades three to eight and once in high school.
[F] The latest shift in enforcement of the President Bush's No Child Left Behind law is politically significant, one that is central to Bush's domestic agenda. Other recent changes have dealt with testing, teacher quality and students with debilities.
[G] Currently, schools are judged based only on how today's students compare to last year's students in moths and reading—such as fourth-graders in 2005 versus fourth-graders in 2004. Many state leaders don't like the current system of comparison because it doesn't recognize changes in the population or growth by individual students. So it often faces criticism in statehouses and schoolhouses.
Order:
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[A] Americans' ability to take the mortgage interest deduction ranks up there with the right to bear arms and watch football games. Homeownership is part of the American dream, and the U.S. government has long done its part to encourage home buying among citizens of all economic strata. Economist Edmund Phelps, a 2006 Nobel laureate and Columbia University professor, has criticized the U.S. financial sector's orientation toward financing residential construction and away from business investment and innovation.
[B] So, I grew up thinking that renting is perfectly normal. And then, strangely enough, I never did buy a house. I live in New York City and I'm still renting. My own personal narrative shows that it is possible to live a respectable life without ever having owned a home.
[C] Is the sacrifice of business investment and innovation the key negative to the financial sector's focus on housing? That was my key negative, but I also had some animus against the idea that everybody ought to own his or her own home. I thought this was a bizarre social goal.
[D] Haven't you noted in the past that homeownership can reduce the mobility of a workforce? That's not true in New York or Los Angeles, where there are so many employers. But if you own your home in Peoria and you're working for some specialized firm, and things don't go so well there—at that point, you'd like to have the mobility of picking up stakes at no cost and looking for some similar kind of firm elsewhere. To be perfectly honest, that the other side of the coin is that mobility isn't necessarily right up there with apple pie as something that's good for us. Because when people are very mobile, they can be very difficult employees.
[E] There has been research that shows homeownership makes for better citizens. I can well imagine that some unemployed sociologist would look into that hypothesis. I'm not attacking the idea that people live in conglomerations of houses in proximity to one another, sharing the same water mains and the same newspaper delivery boy and so forth. I'm not objecting to that. That could happen with or without homeownership.
[F] Is it emotional, as in, part of the American dream? Or has it just been the best way for people to build wealth? We could argue whether or not it's the best way. But what is surprising is this new ethos, this new enthusiasm for homeownership suggests that it should be—for people who aren't rich anyway—the main way they hold their wealth and that there's something almost un-American about holding your wealth in stocks and bonds. The celebration of homeownership seems to be part of a countermovement against popular owning of shares in corporations.
[G] Of course, I come from more of an urban culture. I grew up, until age 6, in Chicago. My parents rented their apartment and, at the end of the Depression, my parents wanted to replicate that situation. So, again, we lived in a somewhat suburban setting outside of New York City and, again, they rented.
[H] U.S. government's improper real estate and financial policies for the crisis paved the way for the seeds. Home Ownership was the American dream. In the 1930s the Great Depression, the United States flagging domestic demand, Roosevelt's New Deal of the decision-making is one of the establishment of Fannie Mac, to provide for the national housing finance to help people buy housing, to stimulate domestic demand.
[I] So, will the next economic expansion look very different? I think we very much need to reorient the financial sector away from housing. The level of housing construction was unsustainable. It had to come to a crashing end. But what we have to hope for is that the financial sector will be able to reinvent itself and start learning to serve the classical functions of allocating finance to competing investment project sand competing innovations and activities. I think somehow the banking industry has lost the expertise to be able to choose among rival investment projects and innovation projects. I don't think the bankers know anything about alternative energy projects. They're going to have to acquire that expertise if they're going to be, as the New York Times put it, “useful” to the economy.
(此文选自U.S. News & World Report 2008年刊 )
Order:
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[A] Trends
[B] Models
[C] Self-care
[D] Decisions
[E] Conflicts
[F] Self-preservation
[G] Spell it out
Keith Hewson, a 29-year-old airline pilot, hadn't planned to live with his in-laws after he got married. But he quickly realized that sharing a three-bedroom Houston townhouse with his wife's parents, who offered to let them live there rent free, would allow him and his wife, Katy, to pay off their student loans and credit card debt and save for a house of their own.
Hewson is part of a generation that is benefiting from the generosity of its parents, who are approaching retirement or already retired. Almost 4 in 10 adults age 60 or older give money to their adult children, while only about 12 percent get financial help from their kids, according to the Pew Research Center.
1. ____________________
High housing prices, the rising cost of higher education, and the relative affluence of the older generation are among the factors driving the tendency, which experts expect to become more pronounced as more baby boomers enter their golden years over the next two decades. Indeed, the annual cost of a public four-year college has more than doubled over the past 20 years, and housing prices over the same period have more than tripled on average. That has provided more wealth to boomer homeowners while at the same time making it harder for their kids to buy first homes. “It's just more and more important for kids to get this kind of help,” Coontz says, noting that families unable to give cash often provide non-monetary help, such as offering to baby-sit their grandchildren or allowing adult children to move in with them.
2. ____________________
But depending on retired parents can also create family tension. “It's embarrassing,” says Sharon Davey, a single mother of two young daughters in Merrimack, N. H. Since her divorce about four years ago, she has been relying on her mother's help. “It makes me feel like a little kid, and I'm 46 years old ... Obviously, I'm extremely thankful and appreciate that she helped me when I don't know what I would have done, but it's a hard pill to swallow.” Eileen Gallo, a psychotherapist and coauthor of The Financially Intelligent Parent, recommends that parents ask themselves if giving money makes an adult child more or less independent. Her husband and coauthor, Jon Gallo, warns that dependence can breed tension: “If you continue to have to be rescued by your parents, you start to resent your parents.”
3. ____________________
When considering making loans or gifts, experts warn that parents should first protect themselves from financial distress. An Ameriprise Financial survey found that many baby boomers didn't realize how much the help they were providing was cutting into their own retirement savings. About 30 percent of baby boomers said the money they gave to their adult children negatively affected their own retirement savings, but most were unaware of the impact it was having.
4. ____________________
If parents do decide to give money, the Gallos recommend discussing the details in advance, including whether the money comes with any strings attached. For example, if money is earmarked for a car, can it be any type of car? If the money is a loan, when does it need to be repaid, and at what interest rate? New companies, such as Virgin Money, allow family members as well as friends to lend each other money through a more formal arrangement, which includes automatic monthly payments and deposits.
5. ____________________
Parents may want to consider the example they're setting. Frank Furstenberg, professor of sociology at the University of Pennsylvania, says young adults today may watch their parents providing so much support for so long—and be wary of becoming parents themselves. And that, of course, would be very bad news for boomers who aspire to become grandparents.
(此文选自U.S. News & World Report 2007年刊)
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[A] Time Away That Shapes Careers
[B] Faculty Weigh in
[C] Admissions Impact
[D] No Regrets
[E] Help Students Develop Strategies to Mingle
[F] Finding Opportunities
[G] Build Strong Sense of Responsibility
Data from the National Science Foundation indicate that over the last 25 years, there has been a fairly consistent 1- to 2-year time variance in the interval between an undergraduate degree and a Ph.D. So where does the extra time go?
Part of it is the “postbac”: recent graduates often take between the bachelor's degree and graduate school. “Postbac” time allows recent graduates to mature, gain some perspective, and learn new skills before starting out on a long graduate program. A short hiatus before the long road, students and faculty members say, is almost always good.
1. ____________________
Most faculty members agree that if students have a clear idea of what they want to study and what their goals are, they can make a successful direct transition to graduate school. “For the great majority of students, some time off is a good idea,” says Deborah Goldberg, a professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at the University of Michigan. Students with more life experience often have the maturity it takes to persevere through a Ph.D., she says. She has observed that students without that experience are more likely to feel burned out and to drop out of their Ph. D. programs than are students who take time off.
2. ____________________
Faculty members agree that 1 to 2 years away does not hurt a student in the graduate-admissions process. But relevant work—especially research experience—often has a better-than-neutral effect on admissions prospects. As he considered graduate programs, Gries was able to discuss his research in one-on-one interviews with faculty members, and all of them, he says, considered his year of work an advantage. Maturity and life experience are the main selling points for “postbac” time, but the details of what you learn can matter, too. In addition, many faculty members appreciate the perspectives students with added life experience bring to their classrooms and laboratories.
3. ____________________
Individuals we spoke to who had completed a “postbac” expressed no regrets about their decisions. Sarah Walker sees only advantages to the time that she spent in the Peace Corps and working in Africa. After she finished her undergraduate degree at Smith College in Northatmpton, Massachusetts, in 1994, she worked as a biology and mathematics teacher for 2 years in Lesotho. When she returned to graduate school at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, in 1998, Walker found that her experience in the Peace Cows made teaching assignments easier. Her experience in Africa shaped her career goals: Her thesis research in environmental science examined the impact of land-use changes on ecological systems. Walker says her relationships with faculty members were also improved by her time away.
4. ____________________
Finding a postgraduate position outside of organized programs such as the Peace Cows requires undergraduates to mine a diverse network of resources. Talk to as many people as possible, Goldberg says; faculty members might know of colleagues who are looking for research assistants. Regional and national meetings present great chances for undergraduates to scout for positions.
5. ____________________
After completing the core requirements for her Ph.D. in 2005, Walker took a job at Winrock International, a nonprofit international development organization in Arlington, Virginia. Her job —advising projects that help limit carbon emissions and deforestation in the developing world-builds on both her Peace Corps experience and scientific expertise. Unsurprisingly, she's a strong advocate of the postbac. “Taking 2 years [off] has zero negative impact on your ability to continue on in school,” she advises. It allows you to grow as a person and have a better sense of what it is that you want to do.
(此文选自Science 2007年刊)
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[A] The Right Stuff Employee is results-oriented.
[B] Multitasking ability.
[C] Improvement oriented.
[D] The Right Stuff Employee has high levels of enthusiasm and energy.
[E] The Right Stuff Employee is a true team player.
[F] Growth potential.
[G] Know the boss.
Fast growing, entrepreneurial organizations need employees who regularly demonstrate entrepreneurial characteristics and work habits. Management of entrepreneurial companies must work diligently to recognize, identify and attract this type of employee during the recruitment process to assure a steady stream of the people with the "Right Stuff" to fuel growth of the venture. So what are the characteristics of highly effective "Right Stuff" entrepreneurial employees? Here are a few to keep in mind as you interview potential new hires.
1. ____________________
The Right Stuff Employee takes ownership to get the task done. She is a "can do" person who demonstrates common sense in her decision and actions and is able to cut through and resolve problems that divert others. Her business judgment is sound and becomes stronger with each experience, decision or recommendation. While supervisors and managers may disagree with her ultimate recommendation, they usually agree that the alternatives she presents are reasonable for the situation at hand.
2. ____________________
Employee consistently generates output that is higher than could be reasonably expected. He is fully committed to the organization, its goals and overall success. Not only does he desire to make a contribution to results, he needs to see the results of his contributions quickly, not measured in years! He will seek out an organization that solicits and acts upon his ideas, gives credit where credit is due and points out errors and poor decisions quickly and clearly. He performs effectively with limited supervision and is able to self-motivate and set priorities with minimal guidance.
3. ____________________
The Right Stuff Employee is flexible to accept new duties, assignments and responsibilities. He can perform more than one role until the incremental duties and functions assumed can be assigned to co-workers in newly defined roles. He is also willing to dig in and do grunt work tasks which eventually will be performed by lower level employees.
4. ____________________
The Right Stuff Employee's reach exceeds her grasp today. Today's Right Stuff Employee is often next year's supervisor and a department manager soon thereafter. She is willing to accept much higher levels of responsibility that is the norm for her position, title, experience level or salary, She acts as a strong role model, trains and coaches others, and soon begins to assume supervisory responsibilities, again much earlier than would be expected in a normal corporate environment.
5. ____________________
The Right Stuff Employee is more than willing to challenge in a constructive way existing procedures and systems; to her the status quo is temporary. She suggests changes and improvements frequently and encourages others to do so also. Right Stuff Employees are easier to manage in some ways but require a higher level of management involvement in others. Ordinary (average) employees will not produce extraordinary results over time; Right Stuff Employees will generally produce extraordinary results consistently over time. Unfortunately, unless properly motivated, managed and rewarded, Right Stuff Employees could perform at lower levels and only produce ordinary results.
So when you interview each new employee or manager, look beyond the mere facts of the resume and ask yourself is this a "Right Stuff" person? You are most likely interviewing the person because of the resume. Now is the time to put the resume aside and focus on the "Right Questions".
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Tomorrow is Tuesday, I'll spend five minutes warming up on the Versa-Climber. Then I'll do 30 minutes on a stair mill. On Wednesday a personal trainer will work me like a farm animal for an hour. Thursday is “body wedge” class, which involves another exercise contraption (device). Friday will bring a 5.5-mile run, the extra half-mile my exhausting compensation of any gastrono mical (the art or science of good eating) indulgences during the week.
I have exercised like this—obsessively, a bit persistently—for years, but recently I began to wonder: Why am I doing this? Except for a two-year period at the end of an unhappy relationship—a period when I self-medicated with lots of Italian desserts—I have never been overweight. One of the most widely accepted, commonly repeated assumptions in our culture is that if you exercise, you will lose weight. But I exercise all the time, and since I ended that relationship and cut most of those desserts, my weight has returned to the same 163 lb. it has been most of my adult life. I still have gut fat that hangs over my belt when I sit. Why isn't all the exercise wiping it out?
(1)________________. Of course, some people join and never go. Still, as one major study— the Minnesota Heart Survey-found, more of us at least say we exercise regularly. The survey ran from 1980, when only 47%of respondents said they engaged in regular exercise, to 2000, when the figure had grown to 57%.
(2) ________________. Yes, it's entirely possible that those of us who regularly go to the gym would weigh even more if we exercised less. But like many other people, I get hungry after I exercise, so I often eat more on the days I work out than on the days I don't. Could exercise actually be keeping me from losing weight?
(3) ________________. Today doctors encourage even their oldest patients to exercise, which is sound advice for many reasons: People who regularly exercise are at significantly lower risk for all manner of diseases—those of the heart in particular. They less often develop cancer, diabetes and many other ill-nesses. But the past few years of obesity research show that the role of exercise in weight loss has been wildly overstated.
(4) ________________. Many recent studies have found that exercise isn't as important in holding people lose weight as you hear so regularly in gym advertisements or on shows like The Biggest Loser—or, for that matter, from magazines like this one.
(5) ________________. That causes us to eat more, which in turn can cancel out the weight-loss benefits we just accrued. Exercise, in other words, isn't necessarily helping us lose weight. It may even be making it harder.
(本文选自Time 2009年刊)
[A] And yet obesity figures have risen dramatically in the same period: a third of Americans are obese, and another third count as overweight by the Federal Government's definition.
[B] The conventional wisdom that exercise is essential for shedding pounds is actually fairly new. As recently as the 1960s, doctors routinely advised against rigorous exercise, particularly for older adults who could injure themselves.
[C] It's a question many of us could ask. More than 45 million Americans now belong to a health club, up from 23 million in 1993. We spend some $19 billion a year on gym memberships.
[D] The findings were surprising. On average, the women in all the groups, even the control group, lost weight, but the women who exercised—sweating it out with a trainer several days a week for six months—did not lose significantly more weight than the control subjects did.
[E] The basic problem is that while it's true that exercise burns calories and that you must burn calories to lose weight, exercise has another effect: it can stimulate hunger.
[F] “In general, for weight loss, exercise is pretty useless,” says Eric Ravussin, chair in diabetes and metabolism (any basic process of organic functioning or operating) at Louisiana State University and a prominent exercise researcher.
[G] Yes, although the muscle-fat relationship is often misunderstood. According to calculations published in the journalObesity Researchby a Columbia University team in 2001, a pound of muscle bums approximately six calories a day in a resting body, compared with the two calories that a pound of fat burns.
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Even the most uninformed student of climate change could tell you that the solution to global warming is to alleviate global greenhouse gas emissions, and fast. But the problem is that the sheer amount of greenhouse gases we've already pumped into the atmosphere has irreversibly bound us to a certain amount of warming over the next several decades. No matter what we do, we'll have to adapt to it.
(1)_______________. Already precipitation patterns seem to be changing, making some drier areas—like the arid American southwest —even drier, and rainy regions even wetter. As warmer temperatures creep northward, so do insects and other pests that are adapted to the heat. The results can be distressing. The tiny mountain pine beetle, which infests pine trees in the Rocky Mountain region, used to be controlled by freezing winters. But as temperatures have warmed over the past decade, the mountain pine beetle's territory has spread, destroying millions of acres of Canadian pines.
(2)_______________Generations of American conservationists have fought to preserve wild- life and to keep nature pristine in the face of a growing population and pollution. To a remarkable extent, they've succeeded—almost 16% of the entire landmass of the U.S. is protected, and the Endangered Species Acthas helped save countless animals from extinction.
(3)_______________. What good is a wildlife reserve if the protected animals can't live there, because climate change pushes them out? What difference does it make to defend trees from logging, if global warming will allow a new pest to destroy whole forests?
(4)_______________. Last week the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy brought together conservation leaders from around the U.S. to discuss how to cope with warming, trying to work out a new framework for the biggest challenge facing conservation.
(5)_______________. So too is the scale required to properly adapt to climate change, which will almost certainly continue for decades into the future. “Climate change will affect agriculture, water resources, forestry, transportation, waste management, energy generation, national security, immigration patterns, fisheries, food security, you name it,” said Lara Hansen. “We need to change the way we allocate resources, plan economies and protect livelihoods.”
That means that the way we've been carrying out conservation—picking the right land spaces and playing goalie—won't work anymore, as climate change keeps moving the target. Regardless of what we do, the changes will be coming fast. We need to begin cutting our carbon immediately, but we need to adapt now as well. The world is changing because of us; to save what's left, we'll have to change too.
[A] But global warming threatens to change all that, by altering the very foundation on which the conservation movement was built.
[B] Global warming was already having “profound effects” in the American West, and that the future would bring increased drought, heat waves, rainstorms, extinctions and more.
[C] That means climate change isn't a problem for tomorrow; the effects are happening now.
[D] The conference was fruitful, if a bit depressing. What's clear is that the sheer speed of the changes already taking place due to warming—like the mountain pine beetle infestation—are catching us off guard.
[E] Conservationists will have to work even harder, trying to minimize non climate-related threats to land and species.
[F] The pine beetle infestation is just one example of global warming's present danger. It also represents the unique challenges that warming will pose for land conservation managers on the front lines of the battle against it.
[G] The answer is to adapt the way we practice wildlife and land conservation to climate change. There's a term for this—adaptive management.
(此文选自Time2008年刊)
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Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start. 1) Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.
On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. 2) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd, for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people—for instance to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it, how do you reply to somebody who says “I don't like this contract”?
The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless. 3) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?
Many deny it. 4) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake—a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.
This view which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely “logical.” In fact it is simply shallow: the confused center is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral reasoning—the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl—is to weigh others' interests against one's own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without which there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy. 5) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
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Law is the system of state-enforced rules by which relatively large civil societies and political entities operate. This programmed social functioning is backed up by the exercise of power by a politically sovereign body.
1) What constitutes law among the behavioral codes by which groups or individuals in society live has been defined by legal philosophers in three different ways.Some say that law is the command of a sovereign power to obey a rule, with a penalty for violating it. This view is called legal positivism and has been particularly associated with the 19th-century English philosopher John Austin.
2)On the other side are those who say that law is the application within a state or any other community of rules that are derived from universal principles of morality rooted in turn in revealed religion or reason or a kind of ethical communal sensibility. This view is associated with Thomas Aquinas, in the Middle Ages, who proposed it in the form of natural law theory, and with Lon Fuller and Ronald Dworkin, among recent American legal philosophers.
In the 1960s the widely respected Oxford philosopher H.L.A. Hart tried to find an intermediate position between these two opposing definitions of law according to positivism and natural law.3) He argued that there are “rules of recognition” in which the obligation of rule conformity is brought, about by “social pressure” and customary social behavior rather than by sovereign command and penalty.
Many stipulations, Hart claimed, are recognizable as laws that are pragmatic rules for transactions between private parties and functionally lie outside the sphere of sovereign command and penalty. No sovereign power, no matter how ambitious and aggressive, can enforce more than part of the range of laws we live .by. Even the concept of sovereign power is problematic and vulnerable.
4)Whether Hart really established an intermediate position between the two standard positions in legal philosophy or simply found a new way-subtle, perhaps, or confusing—of associating law with ethics in a context of linguistic anal)sis and pragmatic theory remains a matter of dispute.
Law is divided into two kinds. First, there is criminal law, by which peace and security are maintained, and whose violation results in publicly administered punishment of greater or lesser severity and brings upon the violator the bad name of moral turpitude.5)Second, there is civil law, which regulates relationships between individuals, families, and corporations involving other than criminal activities and provides state-enforced techniques for accumulating and distributing property and other forms of wealth. For example, murder and robbery fall within the scope of criminal law. Contracts, personal liability, and marriage and divorce are within the scope of civil law.
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1) The hierarchy of needs is an idea associated with one man, Abraham Maslow, the most influential humanist ever to have worked in industry.It is a theory about the way in which people are motivated. 2) The theory arose out of a sense that classic economics was not giving managers much help because it failed to take into account the complexity of human motivation. Maslow divided needs into five:
· Physiological needs: hunger, thirst, sex and sleep. Food and drinks manufacturers operate to satisfy needs in this area, as do prostitutes and tobacco growers.
· Safety needs: job security, protection from harm and the avoidance of risk. At this level an individual's thoughts turn to insurance, burglar alarms and savings deposits.
· Social needs: the affection of family and friendship. These are satisfied by such things as weddings, sophisticated restaurants and telecommunications.
· Esteem needs (also called ego needs), divided into internal needs, such as self-respect and sense of achievement, and external needs, such as status and recognition. Industries focused on this level include the sports industry and activity holidays.
· Self-actualization, famously described by Maslow: “A musician must make music, an artist must paint, a poet must write, if he is to be ultimately happy. What a man can be, he must be. This need we may call self-actualization.” Self-actualization is different from the other levels of need in at least one important respect: it is never finished, never fully satisfied. 3)It is, as Shakespeare put it, “as if increase of appetite grows by what it feeds on”.
An individual's position in the hierarchy is constantly shifting and any single act may satisfy needs at different levels. Thus having a drink at a bar with a friend may be satisfying both a thirst and a need for friendship (levels one and three). Single industries can be aimed at satisfying needs at different levels. For example, a hotel may provide food to satisfy level one, a nearby restaurant to satisfy level three, and special weekend tours of interesting sites to satisfy level five.
The hierarchy is not absolute. It is affected by the general environment in which the individual lives. The extent to which social needs are met in the workplace, for instance, varies according to culture. 4) In Japan the corporate organization is an important source of a man's sense of belonging (although not of a woman's); in the West it is much less so.
One of Maslow's early disciples was a Californian company called NLS (Non-Linear Systems). In the early 1960s it dismantled its assembly line and replaced it with production teams of six or seven workers in order to increase their motivation. 5) Each team was responsible for the entire production process, and they worked in areas that they decorated according to their own taste. A host of other innovations (such as dispensing with time cards) revolutionized the company. Profits and productivity soared, but Maslow remained skeptical. He worried that his ideas were being too easily “taken as gospel truth, without any real examination of their reliability”.
(此文选自The Economist 2008年刊)
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They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light years from earth. 1) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected; the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Cosmic Background Explorer satellite—Cobe—had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).
2) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.According the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginable dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.
Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies. They shouldn't have long to wait. 3) Astrophysicists working with ground based detectors at the South Pole and balloon borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.
4) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion fold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity. 5) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.
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1) Italymay be facing economic depression, but for Siggi, a textile firm near Vicenza in the north-east of the country, 2009 offers the promise of unprecedented growth.Siggi is the biggest producer of grembiuli, or school smocks. Once universal in Italian primary schools, they were becoming as outdated as ink-wells. But in July the education minister, Mariastella Gelmini, backed the reintroduction of grembiuli to combat brand- and class-consciousness among schoolchildren. Siggi's output this year has almost sold out and its chairman, Gino Marta, says that “next year could see an out-and-out boom.”
The decision on whether pupils should wear the grembiule has been left to head teachers. 2) It does not figure in either of the two education bills that have been introduced by Ms Gelmini. But it has become a symbol of her efforts to shake up Italian education. Her critics argue that these are a vain attempt to turn back the clock; her supporters see them as a necessary first step to a more equitable, efficient system.
3) On October 30th the opposition she has aroused will reach its peak by a one-day teachers' strike. The union's main complaint is a program of cuts aimed at saving almost £8 billion ($11 billion). It includes the loss by natural wastage of 87,000 teachers' jobs over the three academic years to 2012 and the return to a system in which just one teacher is allotted to each year of elementary school.
4) If this is all the reforms do, they could prove as disastrous as union and opposition leaders predict (international studies find primary schools are the only part of Italy's education that does well). But it is also planned that 30% of the money saved will be reinvested in schools. Ms Gelmini's supporters hope that she will use it to redress the crippling imbalances in education, which is one of Italy's biggest structural economic weaknesses.
One problem is “lots of badly paid teachers”, says Roger Abravanel, author of a recent book on meritocracy. “The number of teachers per 100 students is one of the highest in the OECD. “Education, particularly in the south, has often been used by politicians for patronage and job creation. 5) This may explain why, despite studying for longer and in smaller classes, Italian secondary pupils do badly in international comparisons.“The north is around the OECD average, but the south is on a par with Uruguay and Thailand,” says Mr Abravanel. Giacomo Vaciago, an economics professor at the Catholic University of Milan, says that “although for the time being the debate is about cuts, the big problem is quality, which is random.”
Presenting the latest reforms alongside Ms Gelmini, Italy's prime minister, Silvio Berlusconi, promised that, by 2012, the best teachers would be getting a 7,000 bonus. But Mr Vaciago is unconvinced by the plans. “The present government is making cuts and hoping that the quality comes through as a result. There is no obvious guarantee it will,” he comments.
(此文选自The Economist 2008年刊)
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The Oscar is a mere 8-pound, 13 and 1/2-inch statue, coated in layers of copper, silver and 24-karat gold. 1)But it reduces, in that split second when the envelope opens and the world holds its collective breath, even the most respectful celebrity to be an unwilling comedian.
The early ceremonies, in the late 1920s, were held in private. Explaining why they were so low-key, Cary Grant remarked that there is something embarrassing about all these wealthy people congratulating each other. But by 1933, the stage was set for well-dressed celebrities to trip over their own egos. 2) It makes you wonder what .Louis B. Mayer and other founders of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences would say if they, could see what became of the organization they started to further the welfare and protect the honor and good repute of the profession,or so the charter says..
3) But even among the people in the business, there are those who are happy to have their award, even if some mistake sentences them to a lifetime of teasing, and others who probably wish they were home watching the four-hour celebrity get-together on TV, like the rest of us.
4) Director Frank Capra was so certain he would win that he began to rise before Will Rogers finished announcing the winner. He kept saying, “Over here, over here!” because the spotlight was thrown on the other side of the room and he wanted to enjoy his triumph. Capra was even more confused on his way to the Stage when Rogers said, “Come on up and get it, Frank.”
It turned out that the winner was another Frank, Frank Lloyd for Cavalcade. Capra called his return to his seat the longest, saddest, and most shattering walk in his life. Countless others have taken that Oscar night walk of embarrassment. And there are even more funny, if not embarrassing, incidences. Think about Jack Palance dropping to the stage floor and doing one-armed pushups, to celebrate this Best Supporting Actor award or City Slickers?
In 1947, Ronald Reagan narrated a silent montage of past Oscar winners. 5) Much to Reagan's surprise, the crowd was laughing hysterically as he said, “This picture embodies the glories of our past, the memories of our present and the inspiration of our future ”What he didn't know: the reel was upside down.
And comedian Marry Feldman probably was trying too hard to be funny. Presenting the 1976 Oscar, he called the two winning producers to the stage, then threw the statue to the floor, handed a piece of the award to each one. He said, “It said 'made in Hong Kong' on the bottom.”
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Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity.1) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.
“Anthropology” derives from the Greek words anthropos “human” and logos “the study of.” By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.
Anthropology is one of the social sciences.2) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.
All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis.3)The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.
Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor's formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science. 4) Tylor defined culture as “… that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylor's definition is the concept that culture is learned, shared, and patterned behavior.
5) Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.
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Putin will finish the second of two terms as President in 2008. Under his leadership, Russia has re-emerged as a significant world power. 1) I have friends who predict that Vladimir Putin will find his new position as Russian prime minister a comedown after eight years as President.I doubt it. Putin is more likely to define his job than be defined by it. After our first meetings, in 1999 and 2000, I described him in my journal as “shrewd, confident, hard-working, patriotic, and ingratiating.” In the years since, he has become more confident and—to Westerners—decidedly less ingratiating.
Born in Leningrad (today's St. Petersburg) Putin is the son of a sailor and a factory worker. From 1976 to 1990, Putin served in the foreign intelligence branch of the notorious Soviet spy agency. For many of those years, he was stationed in Germany. In 1998, Putin was tapped to run the FSB (successor to the KGB) by then Russian President Boris Yeltsin. 2) When Yeltsin resigned shortly before the end of his second term, Putin was chosen to serve as acting President, putting him in an ideal position to win the office in the election that followed.
3) Some believe Putin's KGB background explains everything, but his allegiance to the KGB is in turn explained by his intense nationalism—which accounts for his popularity in Russia.Timing matters in history, and Putin has had the benefit of high oil prices and the contrast with his predecessor, Boris Yeltsin. 4) His vision of Russia is that of a great power in the old-fashioned European sense. Such powers have spheres of influence and subjugate lesser powers. At home, they celebrate national traditions and prize collective glory, not individual freedom.
Tolstoy described the 19th century count Mikhail Speransky as a “rigorous-minded man of immense intelligence, who through his energy...had come to power and used it solely for the good of Russia.” What one found disconcerting, though, “was Speransky's cold, mirror-like gaze, which let no one penetrate to his soul.” It is possible to love the idea of a nation without caring too much for its citizens.
5) It is unlikely that Putin, 55, will wear out his welcome at home anytime soon, as he has nearly done with many democracies abroad.In the meantime, he will remain an irritant to nato, a source of division within Europe and yet another reason for the West to reduce its reliance on fossil fuels.
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Most U.S. businesses, large or small, belong to what is called the private enterprise system. 1)This means simply that firms operate in a dynamic environment where success or failure is determined by how well they match and counter the offerings of competitors. Competition is the battle among businesses for consumer acceptance. 2)Sales and profits are the yardsticks by which such acceptance is measured.
3)The business world has abundant examples of firms that were once successful but that failed to continue satisfying consumer demands.Competition assures that, over the long run, firms that satisfy consumer demands will be successful and those that do not will be replaced.
The private enterprise system requires that firms continually adjust their strategies, product offerings, service standards, operating procedures, and the like. 4)Otherwise the competition will gain higher shares of an industry's sales and profits.Consider the following cases. A & P was long the largest supermarket chain. Now Safeway is the largest, and A & P is attempting a recovery. Ford once was the dominant automaker. Today, it is second to General Motors, among domestic producers. These events suggest the dynamic environment of the private enterprise system.
5)Competition is a critical mechanism for guaranteeing that the private enterprise system will continue to provide the goods and services that make for high living standards and sophisticated life styles.Few organizations that offer a product or service can escape the influence of competition. The American Cancer Society competes for contributions with the American Heart Association, your own college, and other nonprofit enterprises. The armed forces compete in the labor market with private employers. Even the U.S. Postal Service faces competition. United Parcel Service competes for package shipments. Express Mail faces competition from Western Union's mailgrams. And firms like The Mailbox, which rents post office boxes in the Seattle area, compete for the post-office-box business.
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The publisher's techniques for book promotion have become increasingly sophisticated in all advanced countries. The typical traveler or book salesman is likely to hold a college degree, certainly in the United States; he receives a careful briefing from the home office, with elaborate samples and sales aids, and perhaps a car provided, or partly provided, by the firm. 1)A well-run publishing house issues two or three seasonal announcement lists with details of its forthcoming books, as well as an annual catalog of its present and past books still in print, which are sent to the principal booksellers and librarians.For many books, a prospectus may be issued, both for the use of booksellers and for direct mailing by the publisher. The distribution of review copies to the press is the last item in the normal program. These three steps, traveling, catalogs, and reviews, are the vital elements in the machinery of book distribution, which it is virtually impossible to accomplish without the professional work of a publisher. 2)The capacity of some authors to produce a quite presentable book with the help of a printer still leaves them far from their objective unless they can find a publisher to undertake its distribution.
Newspaper and periodical advertising is the publisher's principal means of reaching the public, and standards here have also risen considerably since World War II. 3)Originally handled entirely by the publisher's own staff, it is now not uncommon for the larger houses, especially in the United States and in some European countries, to employ advertising agencies to prepare the copy and the general details of the campaign for any important book.4) While few authors consider that their books are advertised adequately and most publishers are highly doubtful whether press advertising does in fact sell books, the amounts spent in relation to sales revenue are much higher than for most other commodities, seldom less than 5 percent for new books.
5)Over the whole field of sales promotion, as publishing houses have grown in size and profitability, there has been a marked tendency for the more commercial methods of general business to be applied to books, which are aggressively promoted to retailers and the public in the same manner as are many other commodities.Though this may increase sales, at least in the short term, it may be doubted whether it is in the interests of the public and to the long-term advantage of good publishing.
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1)The original insight that people could be classified into Type A and Type B personalities and that Type A's were more heart-attack prone1 grew out of research at the Framingham Heart Study laboratories in the late 1970s.
Dr. Peter Wilson, director of the Framingham laboratories, agreed in a telephone interview last week that since the early studies, the AB issue has been getting weaker. 2)A large prospective study2 (in which people are followed for years before years before they get sick) last year showed the A-B behavior distinction was not associated with coronary artery disease.Now researchers are thinking in terms of “anger in” vs. “anger out” as the latest area of concern.
Behavioral epidemiologist Elaine Eaker at the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute in Bethesda, one of the nation's foremost scholars of correlations between behavior and heart disease, agrees in principle.
“There is no epidemiological evidence on hostility alone, but anger has been linked to CHD (coronary heart disease) events weakly for white collar men and more strongly for women in clerical jobs,” she said last week.
“The Type A concept is still viable because it has been a predictor of heart disease in at least two long-term studies. But recent research has shown that how you cope with anger may be the new coronary prone behavior of the future. And it's tough to cope with anger,” she added.
3)Since holding anger inside may lead to heart trouble and since acting it out by having temper tantrums is highly antisocial, Eaker says researchers now advocate maturely “discussing” anger—either with the person who makes you angry or with a friend—as the most constructive method of dealing with explosive feelings.
4)Since the early Type A studies, researchers have been attempting to fine-tune the ways in which they can identify a person as Type A or Type B, not an easy task since people often deny or are actually unaware of some facets of their personalities and hence can not be asked point-blank if they are angry or impatient by nature .
Dimsdale used both pencil-and-paper questionnaires and a “semi-structured” interview technique to identify Type A personalities among heart patients.
In the interviews, he explained, “you ask questions slowly and sometimes even in a stammer and then see how rapidly the person will finish the sentence for you.” People who rush to answer are usually highly impatient and impatience has long been considered a major component of Type A behavior.
5)Yet, no matter whether he used the self-report questionnaires or the more subtle interview technique, people identified as The A's did not fare worse than the others.
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Despite the basic biological, chemical, and physical similarities found in all living things, a diversity of life exists not only among and between species but also within every natural population. The phenomenon of diversity has had a long history of study because so many of the variations that exist in nature are visible to the eye.
1) It has been suggested that sexual reproduction became the dominant type of reproduction among organisms because of its inherent advantage of variability, which is the mechanism that enables a species to adjust to changing conditions.New variations are potentially present in genetic differences, but how preponderant a variation becomes in a gene pool depends upon the number of offspring the mutants or variants produce (differential reproduction). 2)It is possible for a genetic novelty (new variation) to spread in time to all members of a population, especially if the novelty enhances the population's chances for survival in the environment in which it exists.Thus, when a species is introduced into a new habitat, it either adapts to the change by natural selection or by some other evolutionary mechanism or else it eventually dies off. Because each new habitat means new adaptations, habitat changes have been responsible for the millions of different kinds of species and for the heterogeneity within each species.
The total number of animal and plant species is estimated at between 2,000,000 and 4,500,000; authoritative estimates of the number of extinct species range from 15,000,000 up to 16,000,000,000. 3)Although the use of classification as a means of producing some kind of order out of this staggering number of different types of organisms appears as early as the book of Genesis—with references to cattle, beasts, fowl, creeping things, trees, etc.—the first scientific attempt at classification is attributed to the Greek philosopher Aristotle, who tried to establish a system that would indicate the relationship of all things to each other.He arranged everything along a scale, or “ladder of nature”, with nonliving things at the bottom; plants were placed below animals, and man was at the top. 4)Other schemes that have been used for grouping species include large anatomical similarities, such as wings or fins, which indicate a natural relationship, and also similarities in reproductive structures.
5)At the present time taxonomy is based on two major assumptions: one is that similar body construction can be used as a criterion for a classification grouping; the other is that, in addition to structural similarities, evolutionary and molecular relationships between organisms can be used as a means for determining classification.
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求职信
Directions:
You will graduate from university and are hunting for a job. After reading a job ads, write a letter to the Personnel Resources Department to
(1)state your reason to write the application,
(2)describe your relevant education background,
(3)introduce your English level, and
(4)state your way of contact.
You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address.
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投诉信
Directions:
The walkman you bought a month before is broken down. Write to the manufacturer's service department. The letter should include:
(1) the problem of the walkman
(2) ask for warranty
(3) remind them of the enclosure
You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “John Smith” instead. You do not need to write the address.
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道歉信
Directions:
Directions: Your friend Xiao Feng invites you to attend his birthday party. But you are not able to attend it, Write a letter to him to
(1) express your regrets,
(2) state the reason,
(3) offer your congratulations.
You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.
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邀请信
Directions:
You are preparing to organize a lecture and in need of a prominent professor. Write a letter to invite him. Your letter should cover the following information:
(1) the time and place of the lecture;
(2) the theme of the lecture;
(3) the reasons of bolding such a lecture.
You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You don't need to write the address.
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询问信
Directions:
You are planning to study abroad. Write a letter of inquiry to
(1) give your brief personal information;
(2) ask for the terms of admission into that university;
(3) ask for the possibility of getting a scholarship.
You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You don't need to write the address.
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祝贺信
Directions:
Suppose you are Li Ming and your friend Li Hua has just won the first-class science award because of the work in the field of applied chemistry. Write a letter of congratulation to her, and the letter should include the following information:
(1)express your congratulations on the award-winning.
(2)express your opinion that she deserves the award.
(3)express your hope for greater success in her field.
You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need write the address.
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祝贺信
Directions: You've heard that your good friend, Jack, got the first prize in the English Speech Contest. Write a letter to congratulate him. Your letter should cover the following information: (1) express your congratulations;
(2) the reasons of your congratulations.
You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. You don't need to write the address.
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推荐信
Directions:
You are a professor in a department. One of your graduates asks you to write a letter of recommendation to a company which she wants to work for. Your letter should include:
(1)an brief introduction of yourself;
(2)the student's performance and main strengths;
(3)the main accomplishments at university.
You should write about l00 words ,Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. You don't need to write the address.
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推荐信
Directions: Your friend Xiao Ming saw you off on your trip to another city. Write a letter to him. In the letter, you should (1) express your thanks; (2) tell him you had a pleasant trip; (3)tell him your next plan there. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.
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通知
Directions:
You are required to write an announcement to inform all the staff of the details of a major event for the celebration of the International Labour Day. In the announcement you should cover the following information:
(1)the main activities for the celebration, and
(2) the arrangement or the schedule for the celebration.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your name at the end of the announcement.
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便笺
Directions:
You have taken a message from a phone call for your roommate Sun Fei, who is supposed to be back later to go to a movie with you tonight. Now you have to leave to attend to some urgent business. Write a note to your roommate to tell her about:
(1)the telephone message you've taken,
(2)your reason for not waiting in the dorm, and
(3)what to do with your film ticket.
You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the note. Use “Tian Jie” instead.
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备忘录
Directions:
Two months ago, you and some former classmates decided to go for an outing to the Summer Palace during the National Day holidays. As the organizer, you are to write an email message to remind the others of:
(1)when and where to meet,
(2)what to bring, and
(3)why they have to tell you in advance whether they will come.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address.
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图画类作文
Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
(1)Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon.
(2)Give your comments
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图画类作文
Directions:
Study the following set of drawings carefully and write an essay in which you should
(1)describe the set of drawings, interpret its meaning, and
(2)point out its implications in our life.
You should write about 160-200 words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
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图画类作文
Directions:
Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in which you should
(1)describe the situation the drawing indicates, interpret its meaning, and
(2)give comments on this phenomenon.
You should write 160-200 words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET 2.
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图画类作文
Directions:
Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest, but everyone has his/her own understanding of it. There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper. Write an essay to the newspaper to
(1)show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture below,
(2)give a specific example, and
(3)give your suggestion as to the best way to show love.
You should write 160-200 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
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图表类作文
Directions:
Study the following charts carefully and write an essay in 160-200 words. In the essay you should cover the following three points:
(1)Effect of the country's growing poaching cases on its precious wild lives.
(2)Possible reasons for the effect.
(3)Your suggestions for wildlife protection.
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图表类作文
Directions:
Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in 160-200 words. Your essay should cover all the information provided and meet the requirements below:
(1)Interpret the following pictures.
(2)Give your explanation to this phenomenon.
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图表类作文
Directions:
Study the following graphs carefully and write an essay in 160-200 words. Your essay should cover these three points:
(1)effect of the country's growing human population on its wildlife
(2)possible reason for the effect
(3)your suggestion for wildlife protection
Your essay must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
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图表类作文
Directions:
Study carefully the following graphs that shows the distribution of traffic accidents of one city in an average day and write an essay in 160-200 words. Your essay should cover the following three points:
(1)Descriptions of the graph;
(2)Possible reasons;
(3)Your suggestions for reducing traffic accidents.
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提纲类作文
Directions:
Please write an essay in 160-200 words entitled “Water Shortage” based on the following outline. The first sentence has been given.
Outline:
(1)Water shortage has become much more serious than before.
(2)The chief reasons for water shortage.
(3)My suggestions.
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提纲类作文
Directions:
Cars play an important role in modern society. But they are also responsible for a good part of air pollution in big cities.
Write an essay on car and air pollution and base your composition on the outline below:
(1)the serious problem of air pollution caused by cars;
(2)your suggestions on how to deal with the problem.
You should write about 160-200 words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
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提纲类作文
Directions:
Please write an essay in 160-200 words entitled “To Travel or Not” based on the following outline
(1)People who like traveling have their reasons.
(2)Those who dislike traveling have their reasons.
(3)In my opinion, traveling does more good than harm.
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提纲类作文
Directions:
Please write an essay in 160-200 words entitled “Where To Study—Go Abroad or Stay in China?” based on the following outline
(1)Two opposite views.
(2)Advantages and disadvantages of both.
(3)Your preference.
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The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
A. In December of 1869, Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building. The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments. To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the White House, the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected, and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871.
B. Completed in 1875, the State Department's south wing was the first to be occupied, with its elegant four-story library (completed in 1876), Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary's office decorated with carved wood, Oriental rugs, and stenciled wall patterns. The Navy Department moved into the east wing in 1879, where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary.
C. The State, War, and Navy Building, as it was originally known, housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation's foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century-the period when the United States emerged as an international power. The building has housed some of the nation's most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events.
D. Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have taken place within the EEOB's granite walls. Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford, and George H. W. Bush all had offices in this building before becoming president. It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy, 21 Secretaries of War, and 24 Secretaries of State. Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.
E. The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a unique position in both the national history and the architectural heritage of the United States. Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury, Alfred B. Mullett, it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of the State, War, and Navy Departments, and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country.
F. Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing. When the EEOB was finished, it was the largest office building in Washington, with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled corridors. Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster; the use of wood was minimized to insure fire safety. Eight monumental curving staircases of granite with over 4,000 individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas.
G. The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid. The first executive offices were constructed between 1799 and 1820. A series of fires (including those set by the British in 1814) and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury Building. In 1866, the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building.
41. _____ →C →42. _____ →43. _____ →F→44. _____ →45. _____
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Shakespeare's life time was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama. (46) By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy. These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs, but in England, as everywhere else in western Europe, the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular, whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval, literary or farcical. Court, school organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment; and (47) no boy who went a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.
When Shakespeare was twelve years old, the first public playhouse was built in London. For a time literature showed no interest in this public stage. Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for school or court, or for the choir boys of St. Paul's and the royal chapel, who, however, gave plays in public as well as at court. (48) but the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literature ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood. By the time Shakespeare was twenty-five, Lyly, Peele, and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary; Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit; and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph on the common stage - where they had played no part since the death of Euripides. (49) A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.
The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional interest to students of literary history, for in this brief period we may trace the beginning, growth, blossoming, and decay of many kinds of plays, and of many great careers. We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced, as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants. (50) To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.
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Write an email to all international experts on campus inviting them to attend the graduation ceremony. In your email you should include time, place and other relevant information about the ceremony.
You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSEWER SHEET
Do not use your own name at the end of the email. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)
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Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should
1)describe the pictures briefly.
2)interpret the meaning, and
3)give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
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[A]The first published sketch, “A Dinner at Poplar Walk” brought tears to Dickens's eyes when he discovered it in the pages of The Monthly Magazine. From then on his sketches,which appeared under the pen name “Boz” in The Evening Chronicle, earned him a modest reputation.
[B]The runaway success of The Pickwick Papers, as it is generally known today, secured Dickens's fame. There were Pickwick coats and Pickwick cigars, and the plump, spectacled hero, Samuel Pickwick, became a national figure.
[C]Soon after Sketches by Boz appeared, a publishing firm approached Dickens to write a story in monthly installments, as a backdrop for a series of woodcuts by the ten-famous artist Robert Seymour, who had originated the idea for the story. With characteristic confidence, Dickens successfully insisted that Seymour's pictures illustrate his own story instead. After the first installment, Dickens wrote to the artist and asked him to correct a drawing Dickens felt, was not faithful enough to his prose. Seymour made the change, went into his backyard, and expressed his displeasure by committing suicide. Dickens and his publishers simply pressed on with a new artist. The comic novel, The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, appeared serially in 1836 and 1837, and was first published in book form in 1837.
[D]Charles Dickens is probably the best-known and, to many people, the greatest English novelist of the 19th century. A moralist, satirist, and social reformer, Dickens crafted complex plots and striking characters that capture the panorama of English society.
[E]Soon after his father's release from prison, Dickens got a better job as errand boy in law offices. He taught himself shorthand to get an even better job later as a court stenographer and as a reporter in Parliament. At the same time, Dickens, who had a reporter's eye for transcribing the life around him, especially anything comic or odd, submitted short sketches to obscure magazines.
[F] Dickens was born in Portsmouth, on England's southern coast. His father was a clerk in the British Navy pay office—a respectable position, but with little social status. His paternal grandparents, a steward and a housekeeper, possessed even less status, having been servants, and Dickens later concealed their background. Dicken's mother supposedly came from a more respectable family. Yet two years before Dicken's birth, his mother's father was caught stealing and fled to Europe, never to return. The family's increasing poverty forced Dickens out of school at age 12 to work in Warren's Blacking Warehouse, a shoe-polish factory, where the other working boys mocked him as “the young gentleman.” His father was then imprisoned for debt. The humiliations of his father's imprisonment and his labor in the blacking factory formed Dicken's greatest wound and became his deepest secret. He could not confide them even to his wife, although they provide the unacknowledged foundation of his fiction.
[G] After Pickwick, Dickens plunged into a bleaker world. In Oliver Twist, he traces an orphan's progress from the workhouse to the criminal slums of London. Nicholas Nickleby, his next novel, combines the darkness of Oliver Twist with the sunlight of Pickwick. The popularity of these novels consolidated Dickens' as a nationally and internationally celebrated man of letters.
D → 41 → 42 → 43 → 44 → B → 45
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Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
The growth of the use of English as the world's primary language for international communication has obviously been continuing for several decades.(46)But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future.
Complex international, economic, technological and culture changes could start to diminish the leading position of English as the language of the world market, and UK interests which enjoy advantage from the breadth of English usage would consequently face new pressures. Those realistic possibilities are highlighted in the study presented by David Graddol.(47)His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generations of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.
David Graddol concludes that monoglot English graduates face a bleak economic future as qualified multilingual youngsters from other countries are proving to have a competitive advantage over their British counterparts in global companies and organizations. Alongside that,(48)many countries are introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages.
If left to themselves, such trends will diminish the relative strength of the English language in international education markets as the demand for educational resources in languages, such as Spanish, Arabic or Mandarin grows and international business process outsourcing in other languages such as Japanese, French and German, spreads.
(49)The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to the UK's providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors. The English language teaching sector directly earns nearly £1.3 billion for the UK in invisible exports and our other education related exports earn up to £10 billion a year more. As the international education market expands, the recent slowdown in the numbers of international students studying in the main English-speaking countries is likely to continue, especially if there are no effective strategic policies to prevent such slippage.
The anticipation of possible shifts in demand provided by this study is significant:(50)It gives a basis to all organizations which seek to promote the learning and use of English, a basis for planning to meet the possibilities of what could be a very different operating environment. That is a necessary and practical approach. In this as in much else, those who wish to influence the future must prepare for it.
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You are to write an email to James Cook, a newly-arrived Australian professor, recommending some tourist attractions in your city. Please give reasons for your recommendation.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the email. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
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Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following pictures. In your essay, you should
1)describe the pictures briefly,
2)interpret the meaning, and
3)give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points)
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Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (1-5). There are two extra subheadings. Mark your answers on the ANSER SHEET. (10 point)
[A] Create a new image of yourself
[B] Decide if the time is right
[C] Have confidence in yourself
[D] Understand the context
[E] Work with professionals
[F] Make it efficient
[G] Know your goals
No matter how formal or informal the work environment, the way you present yourself has an impact. This is especially true in first impressions. According to research from Princeton University, people assess your competence, trustworthiness, and likeability in just a tenth of a second, solely based on the way you look.
The difference between today's workplace and the “dress for success” era is that the range of options is so much broader. Norms have evolved and fragmented. In some settings, red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status; in others not so much. Plus, whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like LinkedIn. Chances are, your headshots are seen much more often now than a decade or two ago. Millennials, it seems, face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding. It can be confusing.
So how do we navigate this? How do we know when to invest in an upgrade? And what's the best way to pull off one that enhances our goals? Here are some tips:
(1) ______
As an executive coach, I've seen image upgrades be particular helpful during transitions—when looking for a new job, stepping into a new or more public role, or changing work environments. If you're in a period of change or just feeling stuck and in a rut, now may be a good time. If you're not sure, ask for honest feedback from trusted friends, colleagues and professionals. Look for cues about how others perceive you. Maybe there's no need for an upgrade and that's OK.
(2) ______
Get clear on what impact you're hoping to have. Are you looking to refresh your image or pivot it? For one person, the goal may be to be taken more seriously and enhance their professional image. For another, it may be to be perceived as more approachable, or more modern and stylish. For someone moving from finance to advertising, maybe they want to look more “SoHo”. (It's OK to use characterizations like that.)
(3) ______
Look at your work environment like an anthropologist. What are the norms of your environment? What conveys status? Who are your most important audiences? How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves? The better you understand the cultural context, the more control you can have over your impact.
(4) ______
Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context. Hire a personal stylist, or use the free styling service of a store like J. Crew. Try a hair stylist instead of a barber. Work with a professional photographer instead of your spouse or frien
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Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Mental health is our birthright. (1) We don't have to learn how to be mentally healthy; it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend a broken bone. Mental health can't be learned, only reawakened. It is like immune system of the body, which under stress or through lack of nutrition or exercise can be weakened, but which never leaves us. When we don't understand the value of mental health and we don't know how to gain access to it, mental health will remain hidden from us. (2) Our mental health doesn't really go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.
Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem—confidence in ourselves and an ability to trust in our common sense. It allows us to have perspective on our lives—the ability to not take ourselves too seriously, to laugh at ourselves, to see the bigger picture, and to see that things will work out. It's a form of innate or unlearned optimism. (3) Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with kindness if they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are. Mental health is the source of creativity for solving problems, resolving conflict, making our surroundings more beautiful, managing our home life, or coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives easier. It gives us patience for ourselves and toward others as well as patience while driving, catching a fish, working on our car, or raising a child. It allows us to see the beauty that surrounds us each moment in nature, in culture, in the flow of our daily lives.
(4) Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives, it is perfectly ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions. It has been available even in the most mundane of life situations to show you right from wrong, good from bad, friend from foe. Mental health has commonly been called conscience, instinct, wisdom, common sense, or the inner voice. We think of it simply as a healthy and helpful flow of intelligent thought. (5) As you will come to see, knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.
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Suppose you are a librarian in your university. Write a notice of about 100 words, providing the newly-enrolled international students with relevant information about the library.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
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Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following pictures. In your essay, you should
1) describe the pictures briefly,
2) interpret the meaning, and
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points)
与其只提要求,不如做个榜样
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Directions:
Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraphs(41-45).There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET . (10 points)
(41) Teri Byrd
I was a zoo and wildlife park employee for years. Both the wildlife park and zoo claimed to be operating for the benefit of the animals and for conservation purposes. This claim was false. Neither one of them actually participated in any contributions whose bottom line is much more important than the condition of the animals. Animals despise being captives in zoos. No matter how you enhance enclosures, they do not allow for freedom, a natural diet or adequate time for transparency with these institutions, and it's past time to eliminate zoos from our culture.
(42) Karen R. Sime
As a zoology professor, I agree with Emma Marris that zoo displays can be sad and cruel. But she underestimates the educational value of zoos.The zoology program at my university attracts students for whom zoo visits were the crucial formative experience that led them to major in biological sciences. These are mostly students who had no opportunity as children to travel to wilderness areas, wildlife refuges or national parks.Although good TV shows can help stir children's interest in conservation, they cannot replace the excitement of a zoo visit as an intense, immersive and interactive experience. Surely there must be some middle ground that balances zoos treatment of animals with their educational potential.
(43) Reg Newberry
Emma Marris's article is an insult and a disservice to the thousands of passionate who work tirelessly to improve the lives of animals and protect our planet. She uses outdated research and decades-old examples to undermine the noble mission of organization committed to connecting children to a world beyond their own. Zoos are at the forefront of conservation and constantly evolving to improve how thy care for animals and protect each species in its natural habitat. Are there tragedies? Of course. But they are the exception not the norm that Ms Marris implies A distressed animal in a zoo will get as good or better treatment than most of us at our local hospital.
(44) Dean Gallea
As a fellow environmentalist animal-protection advocate and longtime vegetarian. I could properly be in the same camp as Emma Marris on the issue of zoos. But I believe that well-run zoos and the heroic animals that suffer their captivity so serve a higher purpose. Were it not for opportunities to observe these beautiful wild creatures close to home many more people would be driven by their fascination to travel to wild areas to seek out disturb and even hunt them down. Zoos are in that sense similar to natural history and archeology museums serving to satisfy our need for contact with these living creatures while leaving the vast majority undisturbed in their natural environments
(45) John Fraser
Emma Marris selectively describes and misrepresents the findings of our research. Our studies focused on the impact of zoo experiences on how people think about themselves and nature and the data points extracted from our studies. Zoos are tools for thinking. Our research provides strong support for the value of zoos in connecting people with animals and with nature. Zoos provide a critical voice for conservation and environmental protection. They afford an opportunity for people from all backgrounds to encounter a range of animals from drone bees to springbok or salmon to better understand the natural world we live in.
[A]Zoos, which spare no effort to take of animals, should not be subjected to unfair criticism.
[B]To pressure zoos to spend less on their animals would lead to inhumane outcomes for the precious creatures in their care.
[C]While animals in captivity deserve sympathy, zoos play a significant role in starting young people down the path of related sciences.
[E]Zoos save people trips to wilderness areas and thus contribute to wildlife conservation.
[E] For wild animals that cannot be returned to their natural habitats, zoos offer the best alternative.
[F] Zoos should have been closed down as they prioritize money making over animals’ wellbeing.
[G] Marris distorts our findings which actually prove that zoos serve as an indispensable link between man and nature.
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Part A
Write an email to a professor at a British university, inviting him/her to organize a team for the international
innovation contest to be held at your university.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name in the email. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)
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Part B
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following picture below. In your essay, you should
1) describe the picture briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning and
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
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The Students Union of your university has assigned you to inform the international students about an upcoming singing contest. White a notice in about 100 words.
Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name in the notice. (10 points)
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Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should
1) describe the picture briefly,
2) interpret the implied meaning, and
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
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Directions:
Suppose you are working for the “Aiding Rural Primary School” project of your university. Write an email to answer the inquiry from an international student volunteer, specifying the details of the project.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET
Do not use your own name in the email. Use “LiMing” instead. (10 points)
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Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should
1) describe the picture briefly,
2) interpret the implied meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points)
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Al can also be used to identify the lifestyles choices of customers regarding their hobbies, favorite celebrities, and fashions to provide unique content in marketing messages put out through social media.
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Some believe that Al is negatively impacting on the marketer's role by reducing creativity and removing jobs, but they are aware that it is away of reducing costs and creating new information.
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Algorithms used to simulate human interactions are creating many of those concerns, especially as no-one is quite sure what the outcomes of using AI to interact with customers will be.
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If customers are not willing to share data, Al will be starved of essential information and will not be able to function effectively or employ machine learning to improve its marketing content and communication.
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The non-intrusive delivery of the marketing message in a way that is sensitive to the needs of target customers is one of the critical challenges to the digital marketer.
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Directions:
Write a notice to recruit a student for Prof. Smith's research project on campus sports activities. Specify the duties and requirements of the job.
Write your answer about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name in the notice, use “Li Ming” instead.(10points)
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Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay you should
1) describe the picture briefly,
2)interpret the implied meaning, and
3)give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
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According to paragraph 1, Marie Smith's solitude results from the fact that______.
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What do campaigners who lobby to preserve languages do to save endangered languages?
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In paragraphs 4 and 5 the author discusses that______.
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What does the author feel about the vanishing languages throughout the world?
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In the future, the number of languages will______.
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1.According to the first two paragraphs, which has the least probability to happen on mentally troubled undergraduates?
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Which of the following is the most challenging for the work of counseling services?
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The most effective way to regain students' mental health is that______.
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According to the passage, we may infer that in the future______.
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Which of the following may be the most original reason for the problem of undergraduates' mental-health?
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1.This passage is mainly about______.
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Which of the following is true?
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According to the passage, many important persons in public life and the big corporations______.
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The word “segregation” in the second paragraph means______.
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What does “old traditions” in the last sentence of the passage refer to?
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What does the author intend to illustrate with AAAA cars and Zodiac cars?
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What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?
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The 4th paragraph suggests that ______.
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What does the author mean by “most people are literally having a ZZZ” (Lines 2-3, Paragraph 5)?
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Which of the following is true according to the text?
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In this analogy, the author compares sentences to ______.
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We can infer that one virtue of a diary is its ability to ______.
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According to the passage, the man who wants to learn ______.
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We can conclude that the author believes one's sins ______.
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For the author, a primary effect of any diary is that it ______.
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Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?
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According to the second paragraph,
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Which of the following is necessary in a disaster preparedness plan?
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This passage suggests that the U.S. parents
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This passage mainly tells us that
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The first paragraph is written to ______.
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One reason that many colleges adopt the website is to ______.
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Go Ask Alice as mentioned in the passage is ______.
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The first sentence of the sixth paragraph implies that ______.
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Mrs. Satow would probably agree that ______.
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The word “cinch” (Line 3, Para. 1 ) most probably means______.
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It can be inferred from the second paragraph that______.
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The new study published in Science indicates that______.
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It's hard to get data on cloud cover because______.
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We can conclude from the last paragraph that______.
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Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in ______.
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The word “gizmos” (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means ______.
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According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can ______.
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Besides reducing human labor, robots can also ______.
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The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are ______.
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Why is it important to prevent the abuse of computer data bands?
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Too much caution in the use of computers will ______ .
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What lessons can be learned from the past in this decade?
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The arrival of the computer has made man ______.
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The best title for the passage would be ______.
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The emergence of the Net has ______.
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Donovan's story is mentioned in the text to ______.
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The phrase “making the biggest splash” (line 1, paragraph 3) most probably means ______.
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It can be learned from paragraph 4 that ______.
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Straitford is most proud of its ______.
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The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is ______.
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It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if ______.
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The estimates in Economic Outlookshow that in rich countries ______.
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We can draw a conclusion from the text that ______.
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From the text we can see that the writer seems ______.
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According to those who support mergers, railway monopoly is unlikely because ______.
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What is many captive shippers' attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?
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It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that ______.
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The word “arbiters” (Line 6, Paragraph 4) most probably refers to those ______.
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According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by ______.
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All of the following are true about sugar EXCEPT ______.
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Sugar manufactures have ______.
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The word “trauma” (in paragraph 1) most probably means ______.
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In the last part of the passage, the sentence “Food for animals is often seasonal, always expensive” means food for animals if often ______.
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We can safely conclude that ______.
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From the first three paragraphs, we learn that ______.
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Which of the following statements is true according to the text?
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According to the NAS's report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is ______.
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Which of the following best defines the word “aggressive” (line 3, paragraph 7)?
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George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they ______.
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Carbohydrates are important for ______.
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One important source of fat is ______.
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Among those______ has more value than any other nutrient.
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Incomplete proteins ______.
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Where is the article most likely taken from?
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Who will be most threatened by automation?
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Which of the following best represent the author's view?
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Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis on _____.
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The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at _____.
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In this text, the author presents a problem with _____.
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According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on _____.
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The phrase “beef up”(Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to _____.
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According to the knight foundation survey, young people _____.
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The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is _____.
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Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
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What is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind?
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The NHS trust responded to Denham's verdict with _____.
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The author argues in Paragraph 2 that _____.
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According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is _____.
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The author's attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is _____.
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The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by _____.
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According to Paragraph 2, the USPS fails to modernize itself due to _____.
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The long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by _____.
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In the last paragraph, the author seems to view legislators with _____.
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Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
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The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804 is mentioned to
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Which of the following contributions to long waits at major airport?
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The word “expedited” (Line 4, Para.5) is closest in meaning to
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One problem with the PreCheck program is
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Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
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Queen Liliuokalani's remark in Paragraph 1 indicates
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Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site due to
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The construction of the TMT is opposed by some locals partly because
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It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in today's astronomy
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The author's attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is one of
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Robert F. Kennedy is cited because he
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It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that
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Which of the following is true about the recent annual study?
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In the last two paragraphs, the author suggests that
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Which of the following is the best title for the text?
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The underlined sentence (Para.1) most probably shows that the court
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According to Paragraph 4, an official act is deemed corruptive only if it involves
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The court's ruling is based on the assumption that public officials are
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Well-enforced laws in government transparency are needed to
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The author's attitude toward the court's ruling is
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According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?
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The phrase “impinging on” (Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to ______.
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Which of the following is true of the fashion industry?
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A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for ______.
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Which of the following maybe the best title of the text?
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Britain's public sentiment about the countryside ______.
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According to Paragraph 2, the achievements of the National Trust are now being ______.
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Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3?
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The author holds that George Osborne' s preference ______.
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In the last paragraph, the author shows his appreciation of ______.
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The author views Milton Friedman' s statement about CSR with ______.
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According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company by ______.
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The expression “more lenient” (line 2, Para. 4) is closest in meaning to ______.
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When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company's CSR record ______.
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Which of the following is true of CSR, according to the last paragraph?
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The New York Times is considering ending its print edition partly due to ______.
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Peretti suggests that, in face of the present situation, the Times should ______.
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It can be inferred from paragraphs 5 and 6 that a “legacy product” ______.
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Peretti believes that, in a changing world, ______.
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Which of the following would be the best title of the text?
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According to Paragraph 1,museums are faced with difficulties in______.
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Van Oosten believes that certain plastic objects are ______.
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Museums stopped exhibiting some of Gilardi's artworks to ______.
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The author thinks that preservation of plastics is______.
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In Ferreira’s opinion, preservation of plastic artifacts _______.
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the author suggests that Generation Z should____
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The percentage of UK graduates in non-graduate roles reflect_______.
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The author considers it a good sign that____.
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It is advised in Paragraph 5 that those with one degree should______.
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What can be concluded about Generation Z from the last two paragraphs?
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According to paragraph 1,art-science collaborations have____
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The reworked version of The Four Seasons is mentioned to show that____
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Some artists seem to worry about in the art-science partnership___.
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What does the author say about CAVS?
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In the last paragraph, the author holds that art-science collaborations_____
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The personal grievance provisions of the ERA are intended to____.
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It can be learned from paragraph 3 that the provisions may____.
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Which of the following measures would the Productivity Commission support?
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What might be an effect of ERA's unjustified dismissal procedures?
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It can be inferred that the “high-income threshold” in Australia
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It was also, and this is unknown even to many people well read about the period, a battle between those who made codes and those who broke them.
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It listed many documents in code that had been captured from the French army of Spain, and whose secrets had been revealed by the work of one George Scovell, an officer in British headquarters.
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he could not analyze carefully what this obscure officer may or may not have contributed to that great struggle between nations or indeed tell us anything much about the man himself.
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There may have been many spies and intelligence officers during the Napoleonic Wars, but it is usually extremely difficult to find the material they actually provided or worked on.
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Just as the code breaking has its wider relevance in the struggle for Spain, so his attempts to make his way up the promotion ladder speak volumes about British society.
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The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares .
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The stockbroker in Para. 2 is used to stand for .
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It is indicated in Para. 3 that train operators .
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If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face .
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Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
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According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to .
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The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that .
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In his study about Indonesia, Ferraro intends to find out .
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According to Ferraro, the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that .
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What is the text centered on?
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According to Paragraph 1, the author’s posts on Twitter .
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What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?
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What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s?
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Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was .
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Which of the following questions does the text answer?
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There has long been concern that broadband provides would .
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Faced with the demand for net neutrality rules, the FCC .
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What can be learned about AT&T from Paragraph 3?
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Judge Patricia Millett argues that the appeals court's decision .
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What does the author argue in the last paragraph?
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Cooper and her colleagues argue that a "town of culture" award could
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According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as
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The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it
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Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present
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What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?
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Scientific publishing is seen as "a licence to print money" partly because
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According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have
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How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub?
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It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms
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Which of the following characterizes the scientific publishing model?
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The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will
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Which of the following is true of the Califormia measure?
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The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate
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Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to
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Which of the following can be inferred from the text?
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The French Senate has passed a bill to
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It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax
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The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that
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It can be learned from Paragraph 5 that the OECD's current work
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Which of the following might be the best title for this text?
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with the Church's teachings and ways of thinking eclipsed b the Renaissance the a between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.
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Before each of their revelations man thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking including the geocentric view that the Earth was at the centre of our universe.
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Despite attempts by the Church to suppress. this new generation of logicians and rationalists more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.
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As many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era - the Age of Reason.
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Such actions to seek knowledge and tounderst and what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase 'sapereaude’ or 'dare to know’, after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?. It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.
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According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is to
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Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate
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It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be
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The US and France examples are used to illustrate
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Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
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What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?
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What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?
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According to Paragraph 5, grade forgiveness enables colleges to
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What does the phrase "to be aligned" (Line 5, Para. 6) most probably mean?
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The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by
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Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein is mentioned because it
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In David Eagleman's opinion, our current knowledge of consciousness
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The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles
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The author's attitude toward Google's pledges is one of
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Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
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The Supreme Court decision Thursday will
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It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisions
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According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule has
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Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling?
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In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the author
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There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.
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nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago.
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Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant's papers.
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This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.
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If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.
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In Paragraph l, the weather in Texas is mentioned to
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What does Quinn think of Hardy?
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The study mentioned in paragraph 5 shows that
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According to Branch, state-level science standards in the US
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It is implied in the last paragraph that climate change teaching in some schools
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Which of the following is true of New England?
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The bill mentioned in Paragraph 2 was intended to
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Compared with Castle, Taylor is more likely to support
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What does Horn emphasize in Paragraph 5?
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Horn holds that imposing registration requirements is
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The author mentions two books in Paragraph l to present
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Why did Waterstones shops retire PRH books to their relevant sections?
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What message does the spokesperson for Waterstones seem to convey'
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What can be one consequence of the current dispute?
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Which of the following statements best represents Lownie's view?
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According to Paragraphl, the careers of scientists can be determinedby.
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The support service consultancies tend to
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The Function of the “'milk cow, journals is to
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What can be learned about Scopus from the last two paragraphs?
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What should an author do to deal with citation manipulators?