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For centuries, explorers have risked their lives venturing into the unknown for reasons that were to varying degrees economic and nationalistic. Columbus went west to look for better trade routes to the Orient and to promote the greater glory of Spain, Lewis and Clark journeyed into the American wilderness to find out what the U.S. had acquired when it purchased Louisiana, and the Apollo astronauts rocketed to the moon in a dramatic show of technological muscle during the cold war.
　　Although their missions blended commercial and political-military imperatives, the explorers involved all accomplished some significant science by going where no scientists had gone before.
　　Today Mars looms as humanity's next great terra incognita. And with doubtful prospects for a short-term financial return, with the cold war a rapidly fading memory and amid a growing emphasis on international cooperation in large space ventures, it is clear that imperatives other than profits or nationalism will have to compel human beings to leave their tracks on the planet's reddish surface. Could it be that science, which has long played a minor role in exploration, is at last destined to take a leading role? The question naturally invites a couple of others; Are there experiment that only human could do on Mars? Could those experiments provide insights profound enough to justify the expense of sending people across interplanetary space?
　　With Mars the scientific stakes are arguably higher than they have ever been. The issue of whether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, has been highlighted by mounting evidence that the Red Planet once had abundant stable, liquid water and by the continuing controversy over suggestions that bacterial fossils rode to Earth on a meteorite from Mars. A more conclusive answer about life on Mars, past or present, would give researchers invaluable data about the range of conditions under which a planet can generate the complex chemistry that leads to life. If it could be established that life arose independently on Mars and Earth, the finding would provide the first concrete clues in one of the deepest mysteries in all of science: the prevalence of life in the universe.

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The world economy has run into a brick wall. Despite countless warnings in recent years about the need to address a looming hunger crisis in poor countries and a looming energy crisis worldwide, world leaders failed to think ahead. The result is a global food crisis. Wheat, corn and rice prices have more than doubled in the past two years, and oil prices have more than tripled since the start of 2004. These food-price increases combined with soaring energy costs will slow if not stop economic growth in many parts of the world and will even undermine political stability, as evidenced by the protest riots that have erupted in places like Haiti, Bangladesh and Burkina Faso. Practical solutions to these growing woes do exist, but we'll have to start thinking ahead and acting globally.
　　The crisis has its roots in four interlinked trends. The first is the chronically slow productivity of farmers in the poorest countries, caused by their inability to pay for seeds, fertilizers and irrigation. The second is the misguided policy in the U.S. and Europe of subsidizing diversion of food crops to produce biofuels like corn-based ethanol. The third is climate change: take the recent droughts in Australia and Europe, which cut the global production of grain in 2005 and 2006. The fourth is the growing global demand for food and feed grains brought on by swelling populations and incomes. In short, rising demand has hit a limited supply, with the poor taking the hardest blow.
　　So, what should be done? Here are three steps to ease the current Crisis and avert the potential for a globa1 disaster. The first is to scale-up the dramatic success of Malawi, a famine-prone country in southern Africa, which three years ago established a special fund to help its farmers get fertilizer and high-yield seeds. Malawi's harvest doubled after just one year. An international fund based on the Malawi model would cost a mere $10 per person annually in the rich world, or $10 billion in all. Such a fund could fight hunger as effectively as the Global Fund to fight AIDS, TB and Malaria is controlling those diseases.
　　Second, the U.S. and Europe should abandon their policies to subsidizing the conversion of food into biofules. The U.S. government gives farmers a taxpayer-financed subsidy of 51 cents per gal of ethanol divert corn from the food and feed-grain supply. There maybe a case for biofuels produced on lands that do not produce foods—tree crops (like palm oil) , grasses and wood products—but there's no case for doling out subsidies to put the world's dinner into the gas tank. Third, we urgently need to weatherproof the world's crops as soon and as effectively as possible. For a poor farmer, sometimes something as simple as a farm pond—which collects rainwater to be used for emergency irrigation in a dry spell—can make the difference between a bountiful crop and a famine. The world has already committed to establishing a Climate Adaptation Fund to help poor regions climate-proof vital economic activities such as food production and health care but has not yet acted upon the promise.

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The percentage of immigrants (including those unlawfully present) in the United States has been creeping upward for years. At 12.6 percent, it is now higher than at any points since the mid 1920s.
　　We are not about to go back to the days when Congress openly worried about inferior races polluting America's bloodstream. But once again we are wondering whether we have too many of the wrong sort of new comers. Their loudest critics argue that the new wave of immigrants cannot, and indeed do not want to, fit in as previous generations did.
　　We now know that these racist views were wrong. In time, Italians, Romanians and members of other so-called inferior races became exemplary Americans and contributed greatly, in ways too numerous to detail, to the building of this magnificent nation. There is no reason why these new immigrants should not have the same success.
　　Although children of Mexican immigrants do better, in terms of educational and professional attainment, than their parents, UCLA sociologist Edward Telles has found that the gains don't continue. Indeed, the fourth generation is marginally worse off than the third. James Jackson, of the University of Michigan, has found a similar trend among black Caribbean immigrants. Telles fears that Mexican-Americans may be fated to follow in the footsteps of American blacks that large parts of the community may become mired in a seemingly state of poverty and Underachievement. Like African-Americans, Mexican-Americans are increasingly relegated to segregated, substandard schools, and their dropout rate is the highest for any ethnic group in the country.
　　We have learned much about the foolish idea of excluding people on the presumption of the ethnic/racial inferiority. But what we have not yet learned is how to make the process of Americanization work for all. I am not talking about requiring people to learn English or to adopt American ways; those things happen pretty much on their own, but as arguments about immigration hear up the campaign trail, we also ought to ask some broader question about assimilation, about how to ensure that people, once outsiders, don't forever remain marginalized within these shores.
　　That is a much larger question than what should happen with undocumented workers, or how best to secure the border, and it is one that affects not only newcomers but groups that have been here for generations. It will have more impact on our future than where we decide to set the admissions bar for the latest wave of would-be Americans. And it would be nice if we finally got the answer right.

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[A] Trends
　　[B] Models
　　[C] Self-care
　　[D] Decisions
　　[E] Conflicts
　　[F] Self-preservation
　　[G] Spell it out
　　Keith Hewson, a 29-year-old airline pilot, hadn't planned to live with his in-laws after he got married. But he quickly realized that sharing a three-bedroom Houston townhouse with his wife's parents, who offered to let them live there rent free, would allow him and his wife, Katy, to pay off their student loans and credit card debt and save for a house of their own.
Hewson is part of a generation that is benefiting from the generosity of its parents, who are approaching retirement or already retired. Almost 4 in 10 adults age 60 or older give money to their adult children, while only about 12 percent get financial help from their kids, according to the Pew Research Center.
　　1. ___________________________
　　High housing prices, the rising cost of higher education, and the relative affluence of the older generation are among the factors driving the tendency, which experts expect to become more pronounced as more baby boomers enter their golden years over the next two decades. Indeed, the annual cost of a public four-year college has more than doubled over the past 20 years, and housing prices over the same period have more than tripled on average. That has provided more wealth to boomer homeowners while at the same time making it harder for their kids to buy first homes. “It's just more and more important for kids to get this kind of help,” Coontz says, noting that families unable to give cash often provide non-monetary help, such as offering to baby-sit their grandchildren or allowing adult children to move in with them.
　　2. ___________________________
　　But depending on retired parents can also create family tension. “It's embarrassing,” says Sharon Davey, a single mother of two young daughters in Merrimack, N. H. Since her divorce about four years ago, she has been relying on her mother's help. “It makes me feel like a little kid, and I'm 46 years old ... Obviously, I'm extremely thankful and appreciate that she helped me when I don't know what I would have done, but it's a hard pill to swallow.” Eileen Gallo, a psychotherapist and coauthor of The Financially Intelligent Parent, recommends that parents ask themselves if giving money makes an adult child more or less independent. Her husband and coauthor, Jon Gallo, warns that dependence can breed tension: “If you continue to have to be rescued by your parents, you start to resent your parents.”
　　3. ___________________________
　　When considering making loans or gifts, experts warn that parents should first protect themselves from financial distress. An Ameriprise Financial survey found that many baby boomers didn't realize how much the help they were providing was cutting into their own retirement savings. About 30 percent of baby boomers said the money they gave to their adult children negatively affected their own retirement savings, but most were unaware of the impact it was having.
　　4. ___________________________
　　If parents do decide to give money, the Gallos recommend discussing the details in advance, including whether the money comes with any strings attached. For example, if money is earmarked for a car, can it be any type of car? If the money is a loan, when does it need to be repaid, and at what interest rate? New companies, such as Virgin Money, allow family members as well as friends to lend each other money through a more formal arrangement, which includes automatic monthly payments and deposits.
　　5. ___________________________
　　Parents may want to consider the example they're setting. Frank Furstenberg, professor of sociology at the University of Pennsylvania, says young adults today may watch their parents providing so much support for so long—and be wary of becoming parents themselves. And that, of course, would be very bad news for boomers who aspire to become grandparents.
（此文选自U.S. News & World Report 2007年刊）

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[A] The Right Stuff Employee is results-oriented.
　　[B] Multitasking ability.
　　[C] Improvement oriented.
　　[D] The Right Stuff Employee has high levels of enthusiasm and energy.
　　[E] The Right Stuff Employee is a true team player.
　　[F] Growth potential.
　　[G] Know the boss.
　　Fast growing, entrepreneurial organizations need employees who regularly demonstrate entrepreneurial characteristics and work habits. Management of entrepreneurial companies must work diligently to recognize, identify and attract this type of employee during the recruitment process to assure a steady stream of the people with the "Right Stuff" to fuel growth of the venture. So what are the characteristics of highly effective "Right Stuff" entrepreneurial employees? Here are a few to keep in mind as you interview potential new hires.
　　1. ___________________________
　　The Right Stuff Employee takes ownership to get the task done. She is a "can do" person who demonstrates common sense in her decision and actions and is able to cut through and resolve problems that divert others. Her business judgment is sound and becomes stronger with each experience, decision or recommendation. While supervisors and managers may disagree with her ultimate recommendation, they usually agree that the alternatives she presents are reasonable for the situation at hand.
　　2. ___________________________
　　Employee consistently generates output that is higher than could be reasonably expected. He is fully committed to the organization, its goals and overall success. Not only does he desire to make a contribution to results, he needs to see the results of his contributions quickly, not measured in years! He will seek out an organization that solicits and acts upon his ideas, gives credit where credit is due and points out errors and poor decisions quickly and clearly. He performs effectively with limited supervision and is able to self-motivate and set priorities with minimal guidance.
　　3. ___________________________
　　The Right Stuff Employee is flexible to accept new duties, assignments and responsibilities. He can perform more than one role until the incremental duties and functions assumed can be assigned to co-workers in newly defined roles. He is also willing to dig in and do grunt work tasks which eventually will be performed by lower level employees.
　　4. ___________________________
　　The Right Stuff Employee's reach exceeds her grasp today. Today's Right Stuff Employee is often next year's supervisor and a department manager soon thereafter. She is willing to accept much higher levels of responsibility that is the norm for her position, title, experience level or salary, She acts as a strong role model, trains and coaches others, and soon begins to assume supervisory responsibilities, again much earlier than would be expected in a normal corporate environment.
　　5. ___________________________
　　The Right Stuff Employee is more than willing to challenge in a constructive way existing procedures and systems; to her the status quo is temporary. She suggests changes and improvements frequently and encourages others to do so also. Right Stuff Employees are easier to manage in some ways but require a higher level of management involvement in others. Ordinary (average) employees will not produce extraordinary results over time; Right Stuff Employees will generally produce extraordinary results consistently over time. Unfortunately, unless properly motivated, managed and rewarded, Right Stuff Employees could perform at lower levels and only produce ordinary results.
　　So when you interview each new employee or manager, look beyond the mere facts of the resume and ask yourself is this a "Right Stuff" person? You are most likely interviewing the person because of the resume. Now is the time to put the resume aside and focus on the "Right Questions".

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[A] What to do as a student?
　　[B] Various definitions of plagiarism
　　[C] Ideas should always be sourced
　　[D] Ignorance can be forgiven
　　[E] Plagiarism is equivalent to theft
　　[F] The consequences of plagiarism
　　Scholars, writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another person's ideas. In the English-speaking world, the term plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of one's ideas. Simply stated, plagiarism is “the wrongful appropriation or purloining, and publication as one's own of the ideas, or the expression of ideas of another.”
　　1. ____________________
　　The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. In many universities, the punishment may range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university. In the literary world, where writers are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and a ruined career. Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities, is a relatively recent concept. Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources.
　　2. ____________________
　　Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self-critical in their use of other scholars' ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words, otherwise dire consequences may occur. There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students' inexactness in identifying sources properly. They are plagiarism by accident, by ignorance, and by intention.
　　3. ____________________
　　Plagiarism by accident, or oversight, sometimes is the result of the writer's inability to decide or remember where the idea came from. He may have read it long ago, heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with colleagues. He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed. Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against, it is the least serious and, if lessons learned, can be exempt from being severely punished.
　　4. ____________________
　　Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources. The techniques for documentation —notetaking, quoting, footnoting, listing bibliography—are easily learned and can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references. Although “there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the expression of them,” the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged.
　　5. ____________________
　　The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention. The writer, limited by his laziness and dullness, copies the thoughts and languages of others and claims them for his own. He not only steals, he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original. Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention.
　　The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement. All mature and trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources. Students, as developing scholars, writers, teachers, and professional leaders, should recognize and assume the responsibility to document all sources from which language and thoughts are borrowed. Other members of the profession will not only respect the scholarship, they will admire the humility and honesty.

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[A] Difficulty of changing one's immigration status.
　　[B] Extent of error in card completion.
　　[C] Classification of border-crossers.
　　[D] Uncertainty in categorization.
　　[E] Computer-assisted measurement of illegal immigration.
　　[F] Preventing illegal immigration.
　　[G] Determining net flow of population.
　　Whenever a person enters or leaves the island nation of Freedonia, he or she must fill out an arrival or departure card. The data collected from the cards are entered into a computer database, known as the Inflow/Outflow Record (IOR). The Immigration Bureau uses the IOR to monitor changes in the population of Freedonia, which was estimated in 1994 to be 14.4 million people.
　　1. ___________________________
　　The cards do more than just help count the number of people coming and going. The people who cross Freedonia's borders are put into one of several categories depending on how they fill out their card. The first category, labelled "Category M" by the Immigration Bureau, is made up of people, usually tourists and business travellers from abroad, whose stay in Freedonia is less than 6 months. In "Category N" are citizens and residents of Freedonia who go abroad for a similar period of time. "Category P" includes foreigners who stay in Freedonia for a period longer than 6 months, while Freedonians who leave the country for more than 6 months are put in "Category Q". Then there are the people who migrate permanently to Freedonia, known as "Category R", and those who permanently emigrate from the island state, who are placed in "Category S". Emigrants, it should be noted, are sometimes former immigrants to Freedonia.
　　2. ___________________________
　　One problem with maintaining the IOR is that the departure and arrival cards ask for people's intentions, and intentions do not always become reality. Freedonia's population includes many people who originally entered the country on a temporary visa but who later applied for and were given permanent status; in this way, someone who was Category M becomes Category R. This is not too great a problem as changes in migration status inside the country can easily be tracked and entered into the IOR. It becomes difficult to make accurate categorizations, though, when Freedonians move overseas with plans to return--whether in less than 6 months or after a longer period—but do not, in fact, come back. Similarly, Freedonians who claim to be emigrating to other countries may change their minds and return to Freedonia.
　　3. ___________________________
　　People may also make mistakes when filling out the cards. In 1994, a study was made of 21,730 arrival and departure cards filled out by people leaving from Freedonia's major airports and seaports. The study showed that one in five cards had errors. A total of 4,008 passengers who were citizens of Freedonia mistakenly said that they were temporary entrants to Freedonia. Of these,18 percent were, in fact, emigrating or Category Q leavers. The study's most important finding was the lack of certainty expressed by departing Freedonians about when they planned to return to Freedonia. The arrival and departure cards were redesigned by the Immigration Bureau after the 1994 study, but while the new cards have been in use for over a decade, no new research has been done.
　　4. ___________________________
　　The unrecorded movements of people from one category to another make it hard to measure the flow of population, but it should be said that Freedonia is the only nation with high overall immigration that keeps reliable records of departures. In this way, the Immigration Bureau is able to keep track of departing native Freedonians as well as former settlers. By monitoring both immigration and emigration, the Bureau is able to maintain a record of net migration, the total gain or loss of people over a period of time. In other countries with high level of immigration, the issue of net migration has often been neglected.
　　5. ___________________________
　　One final benefit of the IOR is the help it gives in determining the level of illegal immigration to Freedonia. People who enter Freedonia saying they will stay in the country for under six months will appear automatically in the database as "Category T" if they have not left the country after the end of that period. Unlike countries such as the United States that have little idea of the true extent of illegal immigration entering their borders, Freedonia's Immigration Bureau has shown it is able to keep a fairly accurate count.

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The education of humanists cannot be regarded as complete, or even adequate, without exposure in some depth to where things stand in the various branches of science, particularly, in the areas of our ignorance. Physics professors, most of them, look with revulsion on assignments to teach their subjects to poets. The liberal arts faculties, for their parts, will continue to view the scientists with suspicion and apprehension. But maybe, a new set of courses dealing systematically with ignorance in science will take hold. The scientists might discover in it a new and subversive technique for catching the attention of students driven by curiosity, delighted and surprised to learn that science is exactly as some scientists described it: an “less frontier.” The humanists, for their part, might take considerable satisfaction in watching their scientific colleagues confess openly to not knowing everything about everyone. And the poets, on whose shoulders the future rests, might, late nights, thinking things over, begin to see some meanings that elude the rest of us.

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Under the law of competition, the employer of thousands is forced into the strictest economies, among which the rates paid to labor figure prominently. The price which society pays for the law, like the price it pays for cheap comforts and luxuries, is great, but the advantages of this law are also greater than its cost--for it is to this law that we owe our wonderful material development, which brings improved conditions in its train. But, whether the law be benign or not, we cannot evade it; of the effect of any new substitutes for it proposed we can not be sure; and while the law may be sometimes hard for the individual, it is best for the race, because it insures the survival of the fittest in every department. We accept and welcome, therefore, as conditions to which we must accommodate ourselves, great inequality of environment; the concentration of business, industrial and commercial, in the hands of a few; and the law of competition between these, as being not only beneficial, but essential to the future progress of the race.

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Although the American economy has transformed itself over the years, certain issues have persisted since the early days of the republic. One is the continuing debate over the proper role for government in what is basically a marketplace economy. An economy based on free enterprise is generally characterized by private ownership and initiative, with a relative absence of government involvement. However, government intervention has been found necessary from time to time to ensure that economic opportunities are fair and accessible to the people, to prevent flagrant abuses, to dampen inflation and to stimulate growth.
Ever since colonial times, the government has been involved, to some extent, in economic decision-making. The federal government, for example, has made huge investments in infrastructure, and it has provided social welfare programs that the private sector was unable or unwilling to provide. In a myriad of ways and over many decades, the government has supported and promoted the development of agriculture.

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What makes Silicon Valley such a unique entity? There are several crucial factors. First and foremost, it has the largest concentration of brilliant computer professionals and the best supporting services in the world, and easy access to world-class research institutions, like Stanford University, which continually nurtures would be geniuses which the industry needs in order to move forward. Without these advantages, the Valley would be a different place. Secondly, it actively encourages, or even exalts, risk-taking. Hence, failure holds no terror and there is no stigma attached to a failed effort. On the contrary, they will try even harder next time round. A third decisive factor is the vital role of venture capitalists who willingly support promising start-ups with urgently needed initial capital to get them started. Some would even give failed entrepreneurs a second chance if convinced that a flesh concept might lead to eventual success. Of equal importance, many bright young people and middle level professionals are keen to work for a new venture at substantially reduced remuneration, as it offers more scope for entrepreneurship and job satisfaction than the established companies.

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Many countries have, or are in the process of creating, their own "Silicon Valley". So far, none has as yet threatened the preeminence of the US prototype. What makes Silicon Valley such a unique entity? There are several crucial factors.
First and foremost, it has the largest concentration of brilliant computer professionals and the best supporting services in the world, and easy access to world-class research institutions, like Stanford University, which continually nurtures would-be geniuses which the industry needs in order to move forward. Without these advantages, the Valley would be a different place.
Secondly, it actively encourages, or even exalts, risk-taking. Hence, failure holds no terror and there is no stigma attached to a failed effort. On the contrary, they will try even harder next time round. Such never-say-die approach is the sine qua non for the ultimate triumph in entrepreneurship and technological breakthrough.
A third decisive factor is the vital role of venture capitalists who willingly support promising start-ups with urgently needed initial capital to get them started. Some would even give failed entrepreneurs a second chance if convinced that a fresh concept might lead to eventual success.

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“To be a Negro in America is to hope against hope,” wrote Martin Luther King in the last year of his life. The advance the black man in the United States, from the position of slave to that of proud and equal citizen, is slow. The black man's hopes have often ended in despair.
“Of the good things in life he has about one-half those of whites; of the bad he has twice those of whites,” wrote Dr. King. Half of all black people lived in poor houses. They have received about half as much pay as whites. They had twice as many of their people out of work and twice as many babies dead for lack of proper care. Allowing for their numbers, twice as many black men as white fought in the war in Vietnam, and twice as many died in that war. Most black people still did work that was unpleasant and poorly paid. That was the only work they could get.

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And if the weather is used to make political points, then so of course, is clothing. The one essential and multipurpose item of clothing for modern Britain is, of course, denim jeans. Worn by everyone outside working hours from royalty to the woman in the street, jeans are the symbol of a casual and classless approach to life. In the informal environments of universities the only suits are worn by administrators—hence the pejorative name for these bureaucrats as “the suits”. Everyone else from professor to undergraduate can be seen carrying out their tasks in blue denim in various states of repair. The most fashionable young men and women will be seen in jeans that are either far too big or far too small for them, with holes, patches, badges, sequins or drawings on them. However, most of us prefer our jeans plain, draught proof and comfortable!

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Almost all Americans want to be democratic, but many Americans are confused about what, exactly, democracy means. How do you know when someone is acting in a democratic or an undemocratic way? Recently several groups have spoken out with particular bitterness against the kind of democracy that means equal opportunity for all, regardless of race or national origin. They act as if all human beings did not belong to one species, as if some races of mankind were inferior to others in their capacity to learn what members of other races know and have invented. Other extremists attack religious groups—Jews or Catholics--or deny the right of an individual to be an agnostic. One reason that these extremists, who explicitly do not want to be democratic, can get a hearing even though their views run counter to the Constitution and our traditional values is that people who do want to be democratic are frequently muddled.

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The British queue up and the Americans wait in line, except for New Yorkers, who wait on line. No one seems to know the reason for this social idiom. It is something to ponder while waiting in／on line. Queues are a grim reality of city life. While there seems to be no consensus on the city's worst line, the ones mentioned most often in talks here and there were lunchtime lines at banks and post offices and, among younger people, movie lines and college-registration lines. “Bank lines.” said Mark Sloan, an investor.” No matter what time of day you bank, the number of tellers is inadequate to the number of patrons. Even when the bank is open you see long lines in front of the money machine outside.” “Supermarkets,” said Ed Frantz, a graphic artist, who once abandoned a full shopping cart in the middle of a long checkout line. It was not a political act.” The line was filled with coupon clippers and check writers,” he recalled. “And suddenly I had to walk away. Food no longer mattered.”

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In the early to mid-1990s, up to 80% of all Internet traffic was adult-related. Even today, the adult-entertainment industry still drives the Internet, with profit margins of 30% or more, even though they have no off-line revenue stream generated by magazines, books, videocassettes, etc. But in the past couple of years, cybersex has moved uptown. From time to time, we need an expert. In such situations, the Internet has been like a gift from the gods. In the old days, authorities were near at hand for expert advice: the village seamstress on how to make a button hole, the blacksmith on how to take care of a horse hooves, etc. On the Internet, advice and answer sites are popping up all over the place with self-proclaimed experts at the ready. It's said that expert sites or knowledge networks represent the latest stage in the Internet's evolution, a “democratization of expertise.” However, if your question is about something other than “Who invented the light bulb?” the answers are likely to be a wild potpourri of personal opinions.

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A set of golden lights hovering silently in the night sky in a “V” formation stopped traffic on the New Jersey Turnpike, but were the drivers seeing visitors from outer space or just a set of military flares flaming out?
At least 15 people contacted police to report seeing strange lights in the New Jersey sky over the weekend. More than a dozen people, including two Carteret, N.J., police officers, saw the lights last weekend, and several of the witnesses described a sense of serenity that seemed to emanate from the celestial display. The gold lights hovered for awhile, according to the witnesses, and then disappeared.
To some, the description sounded very much like the so-called Phoenix Lights, another V formation that appeared in the sky near Phoenix in March 1997. Like the apparition in New Jersey, the Phoenix lights were caught on videotape. The formation also matches reports of unexplained lights in the sky from all across the United States, as well as England and Europe.

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Since Darwin, biologists have been firmly convinced that nature works without plan or meaning, pursuing no aim by the direct road of design. But today we see that this conviction is a fatal error. Why should evolution, exactly as Darwin knew it and described it, be planless and irrational? Do not aircraft design engineers work, at precisely that point where specific calculations and plans give out, according to the same principle of evolution, when they test the serviceability of a great number of statistically determined forms in the wind tunnel, in order to choose the one that functions best? Can we say that there is no process of natural selection when nuclear physicists, through thousands of computer operations, try to find out which materials, in which combinations and with what structural form, are best suited to the building of an atomic reactor? They also practise no designed adaptation, but work by the principle of selection. But it would never occur to anyone to call their method planless and irrational.

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A review of cell phone studies commissioned by the Swedish Radiation Protection Authority has found no “consistent evidence” of an increased risk of cancer from usage, the agency said.
Studies have differed on whether the use of mobile phones increases the risk of cancer as the handsets have become increasingly popular and efficient.
The governmental agency asked Dr. John D. Boice Jr. and Dr. Joseph K. McLaughlin of the International Epidemiology Institute in Rockville, Md., to evaluate published epidemiological research on the subject.
The review looked at nine studies since 1996 that included factors such as type of phone, duration and frequency of use and brain tumor location.
“No consistent evidence was observed for increased risk of brain cancer (or other forms),” the scientists said in the review, released Wednesday.
The agency acknowledged public concern about the issue and said many studies were still being performed and continued follow-up was needed on any possible carcinogenic effect linked to mobile phone usage.

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Scientists hope that a remote lake on a dormant Chilean volcano can provide clues to what life may have been like in a far more distant place—the planet Mars.
A 10-member team placed special plates in the lake on Licancabur volcano, at an altitude of 20,000 feet，on Sunday to measure the effects of ultraviolet light on organisms living there.
The scientists, mostly from the United States, think learning how Licancabur organisms protect themselves may help researchers understand how life survived on early Earth and perhaps on early Mars as well.
The damaging effects of UV radiation intensify at altitude and the air is very thin. And the lake is covered with ice most of the year, as would have been bodies of water on Mars.
“If there was life on Mars 3.5 billion years ago, it could have used defense mechanisms similar to those used by the organisms at Licancabur volcano to survive,” said team leader Nathalie Cabrol.

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The approximately 65,000 images the Surveyor orbiter has beamed home in the nearly three years it has been circling Mars are full of this kind of expected hydro-scarring. But some of the pictures took scientists by surprise. The older a formation is, the more likely it is to have been distorted over the eons--smoothed by periodic windstorms or gouged by the occasional incoming meteor. However, a few of the newly discovered water channels look flesh. That discovery has lead astonished researchers to conclude that these channels may have been recently formed. Paleontologists have long assumed that if underground water was going to bubble up on Mars, it would have to be somewhere in the balmy equatorial zones, where temperatures at noon in midsummer may reach 68 degrees Fahrenheit (20 degrees Centigrade). Almost all the new channels, however, were discovered at the planet's relative extremes--north of 30 degrees north latitude and south of 30 degrees south latitude--and all were carved on the cold, shaded sides of slopes.

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Our brains respond to our shadows as if they were another part of the body, according to a scientific study. When we see something about to come into contact with the edge of our shadow, brain activity suggests it is as if they are about to touch us instead. Scientists tested volunteers' reaction speeds and accuracy while distracting them with flashing lights. They found that similar errors happened when lights flashed either next to a hand's shadow or the hand itself. The brain develops an internal “map” which helps it define exactly where the body is—which helps it navigate around the world outside.
The results, by researchers at Royal Holloway College in London, suggest that the body's shadow may form part of that map. The tests used shadows cast onto a white table in front of a seated volunteer. The subject was asked to distinguish between touches on the thumb and forefinger of the hand, and the number of errors—and the overall reaction time—were recorded. When flashing lights placed near the hand are activated, the number of errors rises and reaction time slows as the brain is forced to deal with the distraction.

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Pollution is a problem because man, in an increasingly populated and industrialized world, is upsetting the environment in which he lives. Many scientists maintain that one of man's greatest errors has been to equate growth with advancement. Now “growth” industries are being looked on with suspicion in case their side effects damage the environment and disrupt the relationship of different forms of life. The growing population makes increasing demands on the world's fixed supply of air, water and land. This rise in population is accompanied by the desire of more and more people for a better standard of living. Thus still greater demands for electricity, water and goods result in an ever increasing amount of waste material to be disposed of.The problem has been causing increasing concern to living things and their environment. Many believe that man is not solving these problems quickly enough and that his selfish pursuit of possessions takes him past the point of no return before be fully appreciates the damage.

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Resource efficiency means reducing the environmental impact of the consumption and production of goods and services. The doing more with less slogan indicates the focus on more outputs with fewer impacts. Efficiency gains do not guarantee that the overall outcome stays within the ecological carrying capacity of the Earth. Influencing the demand side is therefore another prerequisite for sustainable development.
It is indeed timely to recognize that the world cannot achieve sustainable, economic growth with old fashioned consumption and production patterns. Companies will have to accelerate the trends of polluting less and of designing, producing and marketing better products and services. Consumers have to get used to the fact that environmental concerns are as important in their daily choices as considerations of price, convenience and quality. And governments and civil society have a key role to play in inspiring such a process.

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If increased income is spent on more and larger automobiles, larger houses, and increased consumption of other material goods, the results could cause catastrophic resource exhaustion, and pollution. Take the increase of the consumption of oil for instance. The consumption is so huge that the oil reserves might last only a decade or two if not supplemented by imports.
Ten years ago it appeared that nuclear power would solve the anticipated energy crisis. Although supplies of uranium fuel were known to be limited and might become exhausted in half a century, the nuclear power plant has for a long time been a favorite project. But work on it has met with grave problems. The fear of possible atomic explosion and the problem of disposing of polluting byproduct waste have slowed down the construction of further nuclear plants. Eventually atomic technology may be able to control these problems, but at present there seems to be little agreement along atomic scientists about when this can be achieved.

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Culture is not just a matter of language; it involves the intellect, emotions, and—to me the most important of all—our senses. It is our instinctive responses that invariably reveal our cultural affiliations. Language is one obvious indicator; few people would shout out sudden pain and pleasure in a second language. But there are clear non-linguistic indicators as well, one of the most important being our preferences for food, particularly when feel unwell. All these can perhaps be summed up as “gut feelings”. Since these are responses uncamouflaged by our own or other people's, manipulation and wishful thinking, they are very reliable.
My two worlds not only sounded different, but also had different smells, textures and each moved to different rhythm. I was intrigued by the tangibility of that difference. It was like looking at two paintings, one a traditional Chinese landscapes, the other an impressionist work. Only I wasn't just looking at them, I was living in a both of them simultaneously.

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You can't know your planet unless you know something about science and technology. School science courses, I remember, concentrated on the unimportant parts of science, leaving the major insights almost untouched. The great discoveries in modern science are also great discoveries of the human spirit. For example, Copernicus showed that --far from being the center of the universe, about which the Sun, the Moon, the planets, and the stars revolved in clockwise homage--the Earth is just one of many small worlds. This is a deflation of our pretensions, to be sure, but it is also the opening up to our view of a vast and awesome universe. Every high school graduate should have some idea of the insights of Copernicus, Newton, Darwin, Freud, and Einstein. (Einstein's special theory of relativity, far from being obscure and exceptionally difficult, can be understood in its basics with no more than first-year algebra, and the notion of a rowboat in a river going upstream and downstream.)

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The celebrations of Easter have many customs and legends that have nothing to do with Christianity. Among various symbols associated with Easter, Easter bonny has been playing an important part. In pagan times, the “Easter hare” was no ordinary animal, but a sacred companion of the old goddess of spring, Eastre. The Easter bunny has its origin in pre-Christian fertility lore. The Hare and the Rabbit were the most fertile animals known and they served as symbols of the new life during the Spring season. Hares are animals which look like rabbits, but are larger and in many countries quite rare. In most places, the Easter rabbit (bunny) has replaced the Easter hare completely. Since long before Jesus Christ was born, parents told their children that the magic hare would bring them presents at the spring festival. The presents were often painted eggs, as these represented the new life starting at this time of year.

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Speaking at the Third Joint Meeting of the Chinese Physics Societies held in Hong Kong recently, Nobel Laureate Prof Yang Chen-ning talked in particular about how Chinese culture—or Eastern cultures in general — would affect the development of science in the 21st century. To him, the issue will be an extremely complex one. On the one hand, Eastern societies traditionally value education and family ties, attaching great importance to the upbringing of their young. Among scientists and technologists worldwide, said Prof Yang, those of Asian origin would undoubtedly emerge as a vital contingent with their distinctive contributions to the rapid advancements in high technologies. On the other hand, Eastern people differ from Westerners in some cultural traits, Prof Yang pointed out. For example, physicists in the United States are generally bolder in putting forward fresh views and challenging existing authorities. And almost all scientists there are “aggressive”, said the Nobel Laureate. The epithet has no Chinese equivalent, he noted, probably because “aggressive” ways and attitudes are missing in Chinese culture.

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Early in the seventeenth century English settlers brought the English language within the borders of the present United States. In using the language in this new environment they began immediately and necessarily to modify it. As time passed more colonists came and the settled areas along the Atlantic coast became larger. Modifications in the English brought from the homeland multiplied. For a long time neither the users of this changed form of English nor those who remained in England paid particular attention to what was happening to the language here. Those in England who first noticed the changes viewed the matter with easy tolerance. But in time, because of circumstances unnecessary to detail here, this attitude changed to one of alarm and criticism. Those in this country of sufficient education and culture to know or care about this linguistic matter were divided in their thinking. Some were disposed to agree with their overseas critics and to counsel stricter adherence to orthodox use of the language; others were of a decidedly contrary view.

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　You will graduate from university and are hunting for a job. After reading a job ads, write a letter to the Personnel Resources Department to
　　（1）state your reason to write the application,
　　（2）describe your relevant education background,
　　（3）introduce your English level, and
　　（4）state your way of contact.
　　You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address.

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The walkman you bought a month before is broken down. Write to the manufacturer's service department. The letter should include:
　　（1） the problem of the walkman
　　（2） ask for warranty
　　（3） remind them of the enclosure
　　You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “John Smith” instead. You do not need to write the address.

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Directions: Your friend Xiao Feng invites you to attend his birthday party. But you are not able to attend it, Write a letter to him to
　　（1） express your regrets,
　　（2） state the reason,
　　（3） offer your congratulations.
　　You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

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You are preparing to organize a lecture and in need of a prominent professor. Write a letter to invite him. Your letter should cover the following information:
　　（1） the time and place of the lecture;
　　（2） the theme of the lecture;
　　（3） the reasons of bolding such a lecture.
　　You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You don't need to write the address.

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You are planning to study abroad. Write a letter of inquiry to
　　（1） give your brief personal information;
　　（2） ask for the terms of admission into that university;
　　（3） ask for the possibility of getting a scholarship.
　　You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You don't need to write the address.

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Suppose you are Li Ming and your friend Li Hua has just won the first-class science award because of the work in the field of applied chemistry. Write a letter of congratulation to her, and the letter should include the following information:
　　（1）express your congratulations on the award-winning.
　　（2）express your opinion that she deserves the award.
　　（3）express your hope for greater success in her field.
　　You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need write the address.

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　You are a professor in a department. One of your graduates asks you to write a letter of recommendation to a company which she wants to work for. Your letter should include:
　　（1）an brief introduction of yourself；
　　（2）the student's performance and main strengths；
　　（3）the main accomplishments at university.
　　You should write about l00 words ,Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. You don't need to write the address.

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You are required to write an announcement to inform all the staff of the details of a major event for the celebration of the International Labour Day. In the announcement you should cover the following information:
　　（1）the main activities for the celebration, and
　　（2） the arrangement or the schedule for the celebration.
　　You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your name at the end of the announcement.

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　You have taken a message from a phone call for your roommate Sun Fei, who is supposed to be back later to go to a movie with you tonight. Now you have to leave to attend to some urgent business. Write a note to your roommate to tell her about:
　　（1）the telephone message you've taken,
　　（2）your reason for not waiting in the dorm, and
　　（3）what to do with your film ticket.
　　You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the note. Use “Tian Jie” instead.

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Two months ago, you and some former classmates decided to go for an outing to the Summer Palace during the National Day holidays. As the organizer, you are to write an email message to remind the others of:
　　（1）when and where to meet,
　　（2）what to bring, and
　　（3）why they have to tell you in advance whether they will come.
　　Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address.

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Study the following graphs carefully and write an essay in 160-200 words. Your essay should cover these three points:
　　（1）effect of the country's growing human population on its wildlife
　　（2）possible reason for the effect
　　（3）your suggestion for wildlife protection
Your essay must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.

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Study the following charts carefully and write an essay in 160-200 words. In the essay you should cover the following three points：
　　（1）Effect of the country's growing poaching cases on its precious wild lives.
　　（2）Possible reasons for the effect.
　　（3）Your suggestions for wildlife protection.

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Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in about 150 words. Your essay should cover all the information provided and meet the requirements below:
　　（1）Interpret the following pictures.
　　（2）Give your explanation to this phenomenon.

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　Study carefully the following graphs that shows the distribution of traffic accidents of one city in an average day and write an essay in about 150 words. Your essay should cover the following three points：
　　（1）Descriptions of the graph;
　　（2）Possible reasons;
　　（3）Your suggestions for reducing traffic accidents.

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　Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in which you should
　　（1）describe the situation the drawing indicates, interpret its meaning, and
　　（2）give comments on this phenomenon.
　　You should write 160-200 words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET 2.

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Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
　　（1）Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon.
　　（2）Give your comments

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Please write an essay in about 150 words entitled “Water Shortage” based on the following outline. The first sentence has been given.
　　Outline：
　　（1）Water shortage has become much more serious than before.
　　（2）The chief reasons for water shortage.
　　（3）My suggestions.

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Cars play an important role in modern society. But they are also responsible for a good part of air pollution in big cities.
　　Write an essay on car and air pollution and base your composition on the outline below:
　　（1）the serious problem of air pollution caused by cars;
　　（2）your suggestions on how to deal with the problem.
　　You should write about 150 words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.

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Please write an essay in about 150 words entitled “To Travel or Not” based on the following outline
1) People who like traveling have their reasons.
2) Those who dislike traveling have their reasons.
3) In my opinion, traveling does more good than harm.

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Please write an essay in about 150 words entitled “Where To Study--Go Abroad or Stay in China?” based on the following outline
　　（1）Two opposite views.
　　（2）Advantages and disadvantages of both.
　　（3）Your preference.

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Please write an essay in about 150 words entitled “On Electronic Dictionary” based on the following outline
　　（1）Advantages of electronic dictionary.
　　（2）Disadvantages of using electronic dictionary.
　　（3）Your opinion.

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Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
　　A. Just say it
　　B. Be present
　　C. Pay a unique compliment
　　D. Name, places, things
　　E. Find the “me too”s
　　F. Skip the small talk
　　G. Ask for an opinion
Five ways to make conversation with anyone　　Conversations are links, which means when you have a conversation with a new person a link gets formed and every conversation you have after that moment will strengthen the link.
　　You meet new people every day: the grocery worker, the cab driver, new people at work or the security guard at the door. Simply starting a conversation with them will form a link.
　　Here are five simple ways that you can make the first move and start a conversation with strangers.
　　41. _____
　　Suppose you are in a room with someone you don't know and something within you says “I want to talk with this person”— this is something the mostly happens with all of us. You wanted to say something— the first word—but it just won't come out. It feels like it is stuck somewhere, I know the feeling and here is my advice just get it out.
　　Just think: that is the worst that could happen? They won't talk with you? Well, they are not talking with you now!
　　I truly believe that once you get that first word out everything else will just flow. So keep it simple: “Hi”, “Hey” or “Hello”—do the best you can to gather all of the enthusiasm and energy you can, put on a big smile and say “Hi”.
　　42. _____
　　It's a problem all of us face: you have limited time with the person that you want to talk with and you want to make this talk memorable.
　　Honestly, if we got stuck in the rut of “hi”, “hello”, “how are you?” and “what's going on?” you will fail to give the initial jolt to the conversation that's can make it so memorable.
　　So don't be afraid to ask more personal questions. Trust me, you'll be surprised to see how much people are willing to share if you just ask.
　　43. _____
　　When you meet a person for the first time, make an effort to find the things which you and that person have in common so that you can build the conversation from that point. When you start conversation from there and then move outwards, you'll find all of a sudden that the conversation becomes a lot easier.
　　44. _____
　　Imagine you are pouring your heart out to someone and they are just busy on their phone, and if you ask for their attention you get the response “I can multitask”.
　　So when someone tries to communicate with you, just be in that communication wholeheartedly. Make eye contact, you can feel the conversation.
　　45. _____
　　You all came into a conversation where you first met the person, but after some time you may have met again and have forgotten their name. Isn't that awkward!
　　So remember the little details of the people you met or you talked with; perhaps the places they have been to the place they want to go, the things they like, the thing the hate—whatever you talk about.
　　When you remember such thing you can automatically become investor in their wellbeing. So the feel a responsibility to you to keep that relationship going.
　　That's it. Five amazing ways that you can make conversation with almost anyone. Every person is a really good book to read, or to have a conversation with.

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Translate the following text into Chinese. Your translation should be written on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
　　A fifth grader gets a homework assignment to select his future career path from a list of occupations. He ticks “astronaut” but quickly adds “scientist” to the list and selects it as well. The boy is convinced that if he reads enough, he can explore as many career paths as he likes. And so he reads—everything from encyclopedias to science fiction novels. He reads so passionately that his parents have to institute a “no reading policy” at the dinner table.
　　That boy was Bill Gates, and he hasn't stopped reading yet—not even after becoming one of the most science fiction and reference books; recently, he revealed that he reads at least so nonfiction books a year. Gates chooses nonfiction title because they explain how the world works. “Each book opens up new avenues of knowledge,” Gates says.

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Suppose you have to cancel your travel plan and will not be able to visit Professor Smith. Write him an email to
　　1) apologize and explain the situation, and
　　2) suggest a future meeting.
　　You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
　　Do not use your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead.
　　Do not write your address. (10 points)

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Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing you should
　　1) interpret the chart and
　　2) give your comments
　　You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)

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　The decline in American manufacturing is a common refrain, particularly from Donald Trump. “We don't make anything anymore,” he told Fox News, while defending his own made-in-Mexico clothing line.
　　Without question, manufacturing has taken a significant hit during recent decades, and further trade deals raise questions about whether new shocks could hit manufacturing.
　　But there is also a different way to look at the data.
　　Across the country, factory owners are now grappling with a new challenge: instead of having too many workers, they may end up with too few. Despite trade competition and outsourcing, American manufacturing still needs to replace tens of thousands of retiring boomers every year. Millennials may not be that interested in taking their place, other industries are recruiting them with similar or better pay.
　　For factory owners, it all adds up to stiff competition for workers—and upward pressure on wages. “They're harder to find and they have job offers,” says Jay Dunwell, president of Wolverine Coil Spring, a family-owned firm, “They may be coming [into the workforce], but they've been plucked by other industries that are also doing as well as manufacturing,” Mr. Dunwell has begun bringing high school juniors to the factory so they can get exposed to its culture.
　　At RoMan Manufacturing, a maker of electrical transformers and welding equipment that his father cofounded in 1980, Robert Roth keeps a close eye on the age of his nearly 200 workers, five are retiring this year. Mr. Roth has three community-college students enrolled in a work-placement program, with a starting wage of $13 an hour that rises to $17 after two years.
　　At a worktable inside the transformer plant, young Jason Stenquist looks flustered by the copper coils he's trying to assemble and the arrival of two visitors. It's his first week on the job. Asked about his choice of career, he says at high school he considered medical school before switching to electrical engineering. “I love working with tools. I love creating.” he says.
　　But to win over these young workers, manufacturers have to clear another major hurdle: parents, who lived through the worst US economic downturn since the Great Depression, telling them to avoid the factory. Millennials “remember their father and mother both were laid off. They blame it on the manufacturing recession,” says Birgit Klohs, chief executive of The Right Place, a business development agency for western Michigan.
　　These concerns aren't misplaced: Employment in manufacturing has fallen from 17 million in 1970 to 12 million in 2015. When the recovery began, worker shortages first appeared in the high-skilled trades. Now shortages are appearing at the mid-skill levels.
　　“The gap is between the jobs that take to skills and those that require a lot of skill,” says Rob Spohr, a business professor at Montcalm Community College. “There're enough people to fill the jobs at McDonalds and other places where you don't need to have much skill. It's that gap in between, and that's where the problem is.”
　　Julie Parks of Grand Rapids Community points to another key to luring Millennials into manufacturing: a work/life balance. While their parents were content to work long hours, young people value flexibility. “Overtime is not attractive to this generation. They really want to live their lives,” she says.

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My dream has always been to work somewhere in an area between fashion and publishing. Two years before graduating from secondary school, I took a sewing and design course thinking that I would move on to a fashion design course. However, during that course I realized I was not good enough in this area to compete with other creative personalities in the future, so I decided that it was not the right path for me. Before applying for university I told everyone that I would study journalism, because writing was, and still is, one of my favourite activities. But, to be honest, I said it, because I thought that fashion and me together was just a dream—I knew that no one could imagine me in the fashion industry at all! So I decided to look for some fashion-related courses that included writing. This is when I noticed the course “Fashion Media & Promotion.”

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Suppose you are invited by Professor Williams to give a presentation about Chinese culture to a group of international students. Write a reply to
　　1) accept the invitation, and
　　2) introduce the key points of your presentation
　　You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
　　Don't use your own name, use “LiMing” instead.
　　Don't write your address. (10 points)

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Write an essay based on the following charts. In your writing, you should
　　1) interpret the chart, and
　　2) give your comments.
　　You should write about 150 words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)

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Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
　 [A] Be silly
　 [B] Have fun
　 [C] Ask for help
　 [D] Express your emotions
　 [E] Don't overthink it
　 [F] Be easily pleased
　 [G] Notice things
　 As adults, it seems that we're constantly pursuing happiness, often with mixed results. Yet children appear to have it down to an art—and for the most part they don't need self-help books or therapy. Instead, they look after their wellbeing instinctively and usually more effectively than we do as grownups. Perhaps it's time to learn a few lessons from them.
　 1. ______
　 What does a child do when he's sad? He cries. When he's angry? He shouts. Scared? Probably a bit of both. As we grow up, we learn to control our emotions so they are manageable and don't dictate our behaviours, which is in many ways a good thing. But too often we take this process too far and end up suppressing emotions, especially negative ones. That's about as effective as brushing dirt under a carpet and can even make us ill. What we need to do is to find a way to acknowledge and express what we feel appropriately, and then—again, like children—move on.
　 2. ______
　 A couple of Christmases ago, my youngest stepdaughter, who was 9 years old at the time, got a Superman T-shirt for Christmas. It cost less than a fiver but she was overjoyed, and couldn't stop talking about it. Too often we believe that a new job, bigger house or better car will be the magic silver bullet that will allow us to finally be content, but the reality is these things have very little lasting impact on our happiness levels. Instead, being grateful for small things every day is a much better way to improve wellbeing.
　 3. ______
　 Have you ever noticed how much children laugh? If we adults could indulge in a bit of silliness and giggling, we would reduce the stress hormones in our bodies, increase good hormones like endorphins, improve blood flow to our hearts and even have a greater chance of fighting off infection. All of which would, of course, have a positive effect on our happiness levels.
　 4. ______
　 The problem with being a grownup is that there's an awful lot of serious stuff to deal with—work, mortgage payments, figuring out what to cook for dinner. But as adults we also have the luxury of being able to control our own diaries and it's important that we schedule in time to enjoy the thing we love. Those things might be social, sporting, creative or completely random (dancing around the living room, anyone?)—it doesn't matter, so long as they're enjoyable, and not likely to have negative side effects, such as drinking too much alcohol or going on a wild spending spree if you're on a tight budget.
　 5. ______
　 Having said all of the above, it's important to add that we shouldn't try too hard to be happy. Scientists tell us this can backfire and actually have a negative impact on our wellbeing. As the Chinese philosopher Chuang Tzu is reported to have said: “Happiness is the absence of striving for happiness.” And in that, once more, we need to look to the example of our children, to whom happiness is not a goal but a natural byproduct of the way they live.

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Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
　 The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as possible within its doors. The reason for this is simple: The longer you stay in the store, the more stuff you'll see, and the more stuff you see, the more you'll buy. And supermarkets contain a lot of stuff. The average supermarket, according to the Food Marketing Institute, carries some 44,000 different items, and many carry tens of thousands more. The sheer volume of available choice is enough to send shoppers into a state of information overload. According to brain-scan experiments, the demands of so much decision-making quickly become too much for us. After about 40 minutes of shopping, most people stop struggling to be rationally selective, and instead begin shopping emotionally—which is the point at which we accumulate the 50 percent of stuff in our cart that we never intended buying.

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Suppose you won a translation contest and your friend, Jack, wrote an email to congratulate you and ask for advice on translation. Write him a reply to
　 1) thank him, and
　 2) give your advice.
　 You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
　 Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead.
　 Do not write the address. (10 points)

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Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should
　 1) interpret the chart, and
　 2) give your comments.
　 You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)

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According to paragraph 1, Marie Smith's solitude results from the fact that______.

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What do campaigners who lobby to preserve languages do to save endangered languages?

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In paragraphs 4 and 5 the author discusses that______.

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What does the author feel about the vanishing languages throughout the world?

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In the future, the number of languages will______.

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What does the passage mainly discuss?

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Which of the following can be concluded from the passage?

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The following are examples of government's support for arts EXCEPT______.

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According to the passage, why did museums and cultural centers in inner cities decline in attendance?

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It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the cultural activities in universities will grow if the government and individuals______.

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This passage is mainly about______.

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Which of the following is true?

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According to the passage, many important persons in public life and the big corporations______.

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The word “segregation” in the second paragraph means______.

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What does “old traditions” in the last sentence of the passage refer to?

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In the first paragraph, the writer recalls some things that happened between him and his friends. He ______.

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In the second paragraph, the writer talks about someone saying “You are a lucky dog.” He is saying that ______.

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This passage tries to tell you how to ______.

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In listening to a person the important thing is ______.

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In order to know what he says, the writer want us to ______.

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Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?

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According to the second paragraph,

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Which of the following is necessary in a disaster preparedness plan?

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This passage suggests that the U.S. parents

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This passage mainly tells us that

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What is the main idea of the passage?

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Which of the following is NOT stated in the passage?

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From the context, we may guess that the word “squabble” means______.

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What caused the roast turkey to drop onto the door?

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What do you think would probably be the result if the hostess got angry and scolded the son?

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The paradox in the relationship between education and business is______.

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According to the passage, a typical businessman is usually considered to be______.

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There are not stereotyped businessmen because______.

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According to the passage, the distortion of the image of the businessmen is the result of______.

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According to the passage, which of the following is true?

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Sound is audible to human beings only if the frequency is______.

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Decibel is______.

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The pilot of the plane which flies faster than sound travels does not hear the thunderclaps because______.

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Which of the following is a TRUE statement?

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Which of the following can serve as the best title of this passage?

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Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in ______.

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The word “gizmos” （line 1, paragraph 2） most probably means ______.

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According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can ______.

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Besides reducing human labor, robots can also ______.

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The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are ______.

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Why is it important to prevent the abuse of computer data bands?

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Too much caution in the use of computers will ______ .

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What lessons can be learned from the past in this decade?

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The arrival of the computer has made man ______.

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The best title for the passage would be ______.

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The birth of Dolly aroused the idea of ______.

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Seed declared that he was going to produce baby clones______.

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According to Seed, he has ______ scientists working with him.

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Seed is a physicist, which means that he studies______.

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To finish his plan of cloning the human, Seed still needs ______more money.

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The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is ______.

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It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if ______.

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The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries ______.

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We can draw a conclusion from the text that ______.

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From the text we can see that the writer seems ______.

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Which of the following is true about crowdfunding according to the first paragraph?

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What can we learn from the second paragraph?

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It can be inferred from the last paragraph that______.

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According to this passage,______.

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Which of the following is the best title for this passage?

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A broken bike chain is mentioned to show students' lack of _____.

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There exists the prejudice that vocational education is for kids who _____.

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We can infer from Paragraph 5 that high school graduates _____.

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The headlong push into bachelor's degrees for all _____.

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The author's attitude toward Koziatek's school can be described as _____.

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The word “plummeting” (Line 3, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to _____.

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According to Paragraph 3, the use of renewable energy in America _____.

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It can be learned that in Iowa, _____.

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Which of the following is true about clean energy according to Paragraphs 5&6?

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It can be inferred from the last paragraph that renewable energy _____.

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According to Paragraph 1, Facebook acquired WhatsApp for its _____.

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Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities may _____.

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According to the author, competition law _____.

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Competition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because _____.

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The ants analogy is used to illustrate _____.

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The key to mastering the art of deep work is to _____.

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The study in the early 1980s cited by Harford shows that _____.

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According to Newport, idleness is _____.

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Pillay believes that our brains' shift between being focused and unfocused _____.

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This text is mainly about _____.

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According to Paragraph1, Parkrun has _____.

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The author believes that London's Olympic “legacy” has failed to _____.

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Parkrun is different from Olympic games in that it _____.

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With regard to mass sport, the author holds that governments should _____.

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The author's attitude to what UK governments have done for sports is _____.

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According to Jenny Radesky, digital products are designed to ______.

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Radesky's food-testing exercise shows that mothers' use of devices ______.

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Radesky's cites the “still face experiment” to show that _______.

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The oppressive ideology mentioned by Tronick requires parents to_______.

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According to Tronick, kid's use of screens may_______.

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One of the reasons for high-school graduates not taking a gap year is that _______.

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Studies from the US and Australia imply that taking a gap year helps _______.

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The word “acclimation” (Line 8, Para. 3) is closest in meaning to _______.

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A gap year may save money for students by helping them _______.

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The most suitable title for this text would be _______.

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More frequent wildfires have become a national concern because in 2015 they _______.

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Moritz calls for the use of “a magnifying glass” to _______.

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While admitting that climate is a key element, Moritz notes that _______.

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The overly simplified view Moritz mentions is a result of failing to _______.

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Professor Balch points out that fire is something man should _______.

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Cortina holds that early exposure to computer science makes it easier to ______.

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In delivering lessons for high-schoolers, Flatiron has considered their ______.

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Deborah Seehorn believes that the skills learned at Flatiron will ______.

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According to the last paragraph, Flatiron students are expected to ______.

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The word “coax” (Line 4，Para. 6) is closest in meaning to ______.

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The major reason for listing the lesser prairie as threatened is ______.

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The “threatened” tag disappointed some environmentalists in that it ______.

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It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that unintentional harm-doers will not be prosecuted if they ______.

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According to Ashe, the leading role in managing the species is ______.

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Jay Lininger would most likely support ______.

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The usual time-management techniques don't work because ______.

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The “empty bottles” metaphor illustrates that people feel a pressure to ______.

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Eberle would agree that scheduling regular times for reading helps ______.

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“Carry a book with you at all times” can work if ______.

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The best title for this text could be ______.

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One cross-generation mark of a successful life is ______.

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It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that young people tend to ______.

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The priorities and expectations defined by the young will ______.

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Both young and old agree that ______.

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Which of the following is true about Schneider？

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